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Conservation and Utilization of Farm Animal and Aquatic Genetic Resources in Chinese TaipeiPart I. Farm Animals

 

Hsiu-Luan Chang, Chinese Taipei

 

 

There has been an increasing awareness in the importance of the conservation of animal genetic resources, not only of wildlife, but also of domestic livestock since the early of 1960s.  For the global survey data with pig, cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, horse and ass obtained by FAO, there are 2,719 breeds currently utilized and over 390 breeds of those are known to be at risk (Loftus, 1994).  Most of indigenous breeds in Chinese Taipei, which were important for animal industry due to their local favorite, are subject to elimination for low production efficiency when compared to that of exotic breeds, although native chicken and Tsaiya duck are still utilized in the domestic commercial level not international market.  The native breeds generally maintain one or more adapting characteristics to the living environment, which may provide useful or potentially useful genes or combinations of genes for the future needs.  For example, prolificacy and early maturity of pig, heat tolerance of Taiwan yellow cattle, disease-resistance of Formosan buffalo, roughage tolerance of Chinese goose and meat flavor of native chicken.  Furthermore, most of native breeds in Chinese Taipei are still raised in graze product system.  This was recognized at the 8th Board Meeting of the Advisors for Science and TechnologyAgriculture Group in Chinese Taipei in April 1986, which formally recommended that life resources should be preserved so that their genes will not be forever lost due to the concentration on a limited and highly selected strains.  Consequently a large-scale pilot national project, “Germplasm Preservation and Utilization in Domestic Animals”, was initiated in 1987.

 

Objectives

Taiwan Livestock Research Institute (TLRI) along with its branch institutes and propagation stations, together with Animal Science Departments in both National Taiwan University and National Chung-Hsing University, were selected as primary sites to conserve and propagate living population for native farm animals.  The main objectives of the conservation programme are:

1.  to establish native farm animal populations for conservation of animal genetic resources and to prevent genetic erosion.

2.  to collect informative data on physiology, genetic and economic related traits as well as living habit for characterization of native breeds which may provide valuable genetic resources in developing alternative stocks with characteristics of native breeds for meeting a wide variety of market/production conditions.

3.  to establish a multi-faceted, computerized information and communication system to support the descriptive information, e.g., performance and production attributes of farm animals.

4.  to apply biotechniques in conservation of germ cells for conserved native breeding stocks and thus corresponding genetic materials.

The action plan calls for amalgamation of existing capabilities of all animal research related units with the TLRI playing a nuclear role.  In the program, the COA is the highest authority in setting guidelines and in providing funds for operations and research projects.  On the operational aspects, the Department of Agriculture and Forestry under the Taiwan Provincial Government (PDAF) directs its subordinate research institutes and stations to implement the conservation activities.

 

Methods for Conservation and Utilization

There are three methods have been used to preserve livestock germplasm, i.e., maintaining live populations, cryopreserving germ cells, and establishing DNA stores.  Animal resources in Chinese Taipei are bounteous and are preserved for improving exotic breeds in terms of future production performance and efficiency.  Conservation and integration of germplasm for new variants are attempts to use the gene pool adequately in Chinese Taipei.  Protocols on conserving livestock germplasm in Chinese Taipei are as follows:

standards set up for visible characteristics of conserved breeds

collection of native animals from small farmers

selection of the place of conservation

propagation using a small population at random; if animals have economic traits for improving production performance of exotic breeds, the intercrossing program is used

data collection on their growth, reproduction, living habits, and genetic polymorphism

preservation of germ cells with emphasis at sperm and embryo cryopreservation

information exchange and providing for public needs

typical animals after propagation with benefits of cooperative germplasm research are released to the private sector

promotion of public extension and education with intellectual property rights for this germplasm relative to arts and culture

sharing the world’s genetic diversity and turning potential into reality

 

Progress and Current Status

In Chinese Taipei, conservation of genetic resources is achieved by maintaining live breeding stocks or cryopreserved semen, ova, eggs and embryos as well as DNA.

1. Maintaining Live Populations:

With financial support from the government, small living populations of native farm animals are conserved in TLRI and experimental farms of universities.  Also, the Jomalie Farm of the Farmers’ Cooperation at Tainan County keep some of the native breeds and are financially supported by the public, who pay to enter.  Breeds and number of animals maintained at conservation locations in 1998 are shown in Table 1.  Numbers of breeding stocks in conserved populations and associated effective population sizes as well as estimated inbreeding coefficients are in Table 2.  Results based from survey data conducted in August 1993 and July 1998, respectively, were shown in Table 3, which indicated the total number of native farm animals conserved by conservation farms were about 1.1% and 4.0of those raised by private farmers in the corresponding years.  However, both total numbers of the animals preserved in private and conservation farms are decreased in 1998, which account for around 15.0% and 59.4% of livestock conserved at private and conservation farms, respectively, in 1993.  Conservation per se is not a priority unless there is some economic benefit associated with such actions.  The power of the market place indicates that genetic conservation at the private sector level will be successful only if incentives for producers exist.  Native breeds in Chinese Taipei are usually being maintained as a hedge for potential shifts in market demands.  However, these livestock will be subject to elimination if there seems to be no perceived economic advantage for the animals in a short period of time.

2. Cryopreservation of genetic resources:

Cryopreservation of semen, ova, eggs and embryos as well as DNA from native breeds was conducted to preserve the variance of genetic resources in Chinese Taipei, because of the limitations of animal-raising facilities and financial support.  The quantity of Thus the freezing techniques for semen of yellow cattle, black goat, pigs, native chicken, Tsaiya ducks, and Chinese geese were developed and applied in field tests to check the survivability of thawed sperm.  Embryos of yellow cattle, black goat, Lanyu pig, and Taoyuan pig were frozen in liquid nitrogen.  Embryo mortality was tested after thawing by transfer into surrogate mothers.  This met with no success in several trials.  But when fresh embryos were transferred directly, nine Lanyu piglets and one Taiwan Black goat kid were born alive in 1991.

3. Identification of genotypes:

In order to establish a molecular-based data bank for animal genetic resources monitoring and exchanging, blood typing was conducted for conserved animals.  Results obtained from GPI (glucose phosphate isomerase) and PGD (phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) test indicated that most of individuals conserved in population were homozygous.  Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternally inherited by random segregation through the egg cytoplasm and can be used to trace back their maternal genealogy.  It is also thought to be one potential source of genetic variation for phenotypic characteristics of animals.  The polymorphism of mtDNA among some of the native and exotic livestock breeds in Chinese Taipei were analyzed.  The cleavage patterns of Hind III, EcoR V, and Bgl II are listed in Table 5.  For further use in germplasm conservation, a detail sequence and organization of mtDNA should be carried out.  It should be related to their maternal characteristics in order to trace back their origin.

4. Documentation and related publications entitled as follows:

(1)“Handbook of Germplasm Preservation and Utilization in Animal ScienceTaiwan” published in 1990.

(2)“Catalogue of the Native Poultry of Southeast Asia” published in 1991.

(3)“Genetic Resources Information of Native Livestock and Poultry Breeds in Taiwan” published in 1992.

(4)“Conservation and Genetic Relevance of Domestic Livestock and Poultry in Taiwan” published in 1993.

(5)“Genetic Lineage of Conserved Livestock and Poultry in Taiwan” published in 1996.

5. Communication and exchanging information:

Mass communication of genetic resources information for native breeds is one of the main tasks in the nation-wide project.  It can provide bilateral information exchange between public and private initiatives of animal genetic resources conservation, and thus benefit to economic, scientific, and sociocultural aspects.  Therefore, both videotapes and compact disc were produced for public as requested.  Information network was set up to provide timely information for global user.

(1)  A series of six videotapes with “Animal Fire” entitled was produced in 1993, which aimed to introduce the cultural and artistic roles of pig, cattle, goat, chicken, duck and goose in the China humanities, therefore, the social values on this aspect would be enlarged in public.  In addition to Chinese version, Taiwanese, Guochia (one of dialects in China), English and Japanese as well as Spanish versions are currently available for requested.

(2) Scientific videotape seriesincluding both “Native Livestock” and “Native Poultry” partsentitled “Germplasm Utilization SeriesAnimal Conservation” produced in 1994.

(3) Compact disc entitled “Motion Information on Germplasm of Domestic AnimalsTaiwan Breeds” produced in 1994.

(4) The Bulletin Board Station (BBS) with IP address being cc.tlri.gov.tw was initiated in 1995 to provide bilateral communication site on germplasm related information for all interested individuals and organizations.

(5) In 1997, a Home Page on Internet provides timely and detailed information on inventories of native farm animal genetic resources and conservation issues so that user world-wide can obtain up-to-date information.  This can be accessed at URL: http://www.angrin.tlri.gov.tw

 

Future Objectives and Potential Action Plans:

The major objectives in the near future are:

1.  to establish a molecular-based data bank for animal genetic diversity monitoring and exchanging,

2.  to strengthen human resource development and promote the efficiency of information exchange in animal genetic resources.

 

In order to attain the above goals, the following action plans are proposed:

1.  Establishment of the Genetic Resources Information Network Stations (GRINS): An information network of county-based should be developed for users across the country.  Also, national programs for surveying and monitoring population size of animals as well as reducing the loss of domestic diversity are essential for the utilization of native domestic animals.

2.  Strengthening of science and technology training: More emphasis should be given to training programs relevant to the science and technology in germplasm preservation and utilization as well as the identification of genetic variation.  Human resource could thus be developed, and hence the establishment of genebank could be accomplished.

3.  Establishment of cryopreservation facilities for animal germ cells: The freezing techniques can be applied to preserve eggs, sperms and embryos, which might be, used both for genetic characteristic study and animal diversity analysis.  In addition, the DNA preservation technique can be also used for germplasm conservation.

 

 

 

 

Table 1. Native breeds and population size maintained at conservation locations in 1998

Location

Breeds

Male

Female

TLRI1 headquarters

Taoyuan pig

38

63

TLRI Ilan Branch Institute

Brown Tsaiya duck

34

108

 

White Tsaiya duck

38

118

 

Black Muscovy duck

38

114

TLRI Hualien BAPS2

Formosan buffalo

19

61

 

Formosan goat

22

103

TLRI Changhwa BAPS

Brown Chinese goose

26

78

 

White Chinese goose

21

77

TLRI Taitung BAPS

Lanyu pig

47

72

TLRI Kaohsiung BAPS

Formosan Sika deer

12

25

 

Formosan Sambar deer

28

19

TLRI Hengchung Branch Institute

Taiwan Yellow cattle

43

166

 

Formosan goat

50

131

Natl. Taiwan Univ.

Lee-Sung pig

34

50

Natl. Chung-Hsing Univ.

Native chicken

103

252

1TLRI=Taiwan Livestock Research Institute

2BAPS=Breeding Animal Propagation Station

 

 


Table 2. Numbers of native breeding stocks conserved and associated effective population sizes and estimated inbreeding coefficients in 1998

Breed

Breeding stocks

Effective population size

Inbreeding coefficient (Estimated, %)

Male

Female

Taoyuan pig

10

35

31.1

1.61

Lanyu pig

9

35

28.6

1.75

Lee-Sung pig

10

20

26.7

1.88

Formosan buffalo

3

42

11.2

4.46

Taiwan Yellow cattle

16

108

55.7

0.90

Formosan goat(1)

3

50

11.3

4.42

Formosan goat(2)

7

55

24.8

2.01

Formosan Sika Deer

9

11

19.8

2.53

Formosan Sambar Deer

18

10

25.7

1.94

Native chicken

128

265

Brown Tsaiya duck

34

108

103.4

0.48

White Tsaiya duck

38

118

115.0

0.43

Black Muscovy duck

38

114

114.0

0.44

Brown Chinese goose

7

27

22.2

2.25

White Chinese goose

5

25

16.7

3.00

(1)Animals conserved at TLRI Hualien BAPS

(2)Animals conserved at TLRI Hengchung Branch Institute
Table 3. Numbers of native breeding stocks in Chinese Taipei

Breed

Private farm

 

 

Conservation farm

Male

 

Female

 

 

Male

 

Female

1993

1998

 

1993

1998

1993

1998

1993

1998

Pig

 

 

 

 

 

Taoyuan pig

22

35

1678

2734

10

10

30

35

Lanyu pig

67

68

126

138

15

9

45

35

Lee-Sung pig

0

0

0

0

15

10

30

20

Cattle

 

 

 

 

 

Formosan buffalo

166

212

997

820

2

3

30

42

Taiwan yellow

1540

145

1925

222

11

16

70

108

Goat

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Formosan goat

1051

108

4045

877

9

10

90

105

Deer

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Formosan Sika

990

355

919

523

16

9

25

11

Formosan Sambar

1193

921

1049

951

9

18

13

10

Chicken

 

 

 

 

 

Single comb

1944

1218

53579

2719

200

88

800

180

Pea comb

3110

716

72721

2037

35

40

100

85

Duck

 

 

 

 

 

Brown Tsaiya

1506

206

34115

3073

80

34

200

108

Black Muscovy

2165

460

9413

1863

70

38

70

114

Goose

 

 

 

 

 

Brown Chinese

398

788

1185

2478

40

7

120

27

White Chinese

611

1328

3976

4992

40

5

120

25

Total

14763

6560

185728

23427

552

297

1743

905

 

 


Table 4. Cryopreservation of genetic resources for native breeds in Chinese Taipei

Breed

Semen

Ova

Embryo

Egg

DNA

Taoyuan pig

0

0

0

63

Lanyu pig

0

30

30

78

Lee-Sung pig

0

0

0

63

Formosan buffalo

400

0

0

61

Taiwan yellow cattle

122

0

43

110

Formosan goat

1530

87

0

12

Formosan Sambar deer

0

0

0

5

Native chicken

0

0

0

0

67

Brown Tsaiya duck

0

0

0

160

16

Black Muscovy duck

0

0

0

100

7

Brown Chinese goose

0

0

0

0

103

White Chinese goose

0

0

0

0

102

 

 

 

Table 5. Mitochondrial DNA fragments of several native and exotic breeds in Chinese Taipei

Breed

Number of fragments

Size of mtDNA estimated (kb)

Hind III

EcoR V

Bgl II

Taoyuan or Yorkshire pig

4

1

1

16.35

Lanyu pig

4

1

2

16.35

Landrace or Duroc pig

4

1

3

16.35

Formosan buffalo

3

1

0

16.80

Formosan goat

3

1

3

16.40

Barbados Black-belly sheep

1

1

1

16.40

New Zealand White rabbit

7

1

2

17.20

Rex rabbit

7

1

2

17.20

Brown Tsaiya duck

4

0

16.60


Conservation and Utilization of Farm Animal and Aquatic Genetic Resources in Chinese TaipeiPart II. Aquatic Organisms

Chung-Zen Shyu, Chinese Taipei

 

 

Chinese Taipei, as an island country surrounded by subtropical ocean, is abundant in marine organisms. There are also abundant freshwater species. A landlocked salmon species, Oncorhynchus masou formosanus, is especially well-known. On the other hand, aquacultural technologies in Chinese Taipei are advanced. Many exotic species are introduced from all over the world. However, owing to overfishing, illegal fishing by chemicals and explosives, pollution of the sea and rivers, deterioration of inhabitants and invasion of exotic species, resources of indigenous aquatic organisms are depleted. Some are even reach distinction. Works of conservation and recovery are urgently in need. It is only when the species and population are surveyed, collected, identified, protected, and the gcrtnplasm banks for aquatic organism are established, conservation and recovery are possible.

For the purpose of establishing germplasm bank for aquatic organism, a project, funded by Council of Agriculture, was conducted for investigating the genetic resources of aquatic organism in Chinese Taipei by Academia Sinica, National Taiwan University, National Taiwan Ocean University and Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute. The project includes freshwater and seawater organisms, that are served as germplasm in Chinese Taipei, such as finfish, crustacea, macroalgae, microalgae. The results of the survey showed that most of the conservation of genetic resources are of ex situ conservation of finfish broodstock, microalgae as feed and cryoperservation of sperms, by private farm or public institution for aquaculture purpose. A few microalgae species are conserved of research on toxicology or marine ecology. Several cases of in situ conservation are practiced such as land-lock salmon and their habitates in upstream' of central Taiwan, coral reefs and aquatic organisms in Kenting National Park in southern Taiwan, etc.

However, governmental policy and institution for conservation of genetic resources of aquatic organism so far is not well established. Researches are scattered. A centralized germplasm bank is needed for a subtropical area like Chinese Taipei, with great diversity of aquatic species for the purpose of conservation and aquacultural application. A project for founding a national aquatic germplasm bank in Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute was well planned and will soon be under construction. It is hoped that this germplasm bank will not only play the role as central institution for conservation and utilization of genetic resources of aquatic organism in Chinese Taipei, but also serve as windows for international exchange of information and germplasm of aquatic organisms for mutual benefit.




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