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Pig Breeding in Finland
Jaakko Jauhiainen
The Finnish Animal Breeding Association,
P. O. Sax 40, 01301 Vantaa, Finland.
Abstract
There are about 1.2 million pigs in Finland. Half of
purebred saws are Finnish Landrace and other half Yorkshire. Of the total number
of saws - amounting to some 120,000 - 25% are crossbred between these two
breeds.
Finland has unified pig breeding programme. The
selection objectives for both breeds are identical. The principal objective in
pig breeding is total economic value. This includes improving fertility, the
daily gain and feed conversion, improving carcass quality by decreasing fat -
percent and increasing the lean meat percent and improving the meat quality. The
Finnish Animal Breeding Association is responsible for carrying out the pig
breeding programme with close co-operation with slaughter houses and other
interest groups.
There are various pig testing methods in
Finland. On-farm testing is used as a selection method in all sow herds. A
selection index is calculated on the basis of growth rate and the-thickness of
backfat. The on - farm test also includes assessment of general conformation,
legs-and teats.
More than 40% of the cows in Finland are bred
artificially with good results. In Specialized pig breeding farms the percentage
of A.l. is over 70%. All A.I. boars some 300 animal at a time - are reared and
tested at two phentype testing stations. The combined index is based on the
boars individual results as well as its sibs’ results. The top third of boars
tested are accepted for A.I. use.
Progeny testing plays the most important role
in selection of breeding pigs in Finland. Annually some 1,200 groups - each
consisting 4 piglets - are tested in seven testing stations. Testing period in
progeny test is at the moment from 25kg to 100kg, after that test animals are
slaughtered and carcasses dissected. The progeny teat index includes following
characteristics: feed conversion, daily gain, fat percent in back and loin, lean
meat percent and meat quality. In addition attention is focused on carcass
length, backfiat thickness, eye muscle area, lean meat in ham and confer -mation.
Litter recording is carried out on over 1,000 farms
to assist farmers in the selection of their animals The date is also used to
calculate fertility index. by BLUP - method in order to maintain the high level
of fertility of Finnish pig breeds.
Halothane testing was incorporated into the Finnish
pig breeding in 1978. Blood factors has been used as marker ganes in addition to
halotane anesthesia. As a result of intensive selection against halothane gene
Finnish Yorkshire is totally free from halothane gene and in Finnish Landrace
only in few lines can be found carriers of halothane gene. The halothane status
of Finnish pig population has been confirmed lately in research in which animals
were tested by DNA - test.
PIG BREEDING IN FINLAND
PROGENY AND SIB TESTING AT
SEVEN TESTING STATIONS
–
feed convers./daily gain
– carcass quality
– meat quality |
|
HERDBOOK REGULATIONS
–
for purebred Y- and L-boars and sows
– fertility
– conformation |
LITTER RECORDING
–
fertility index with BLUP |
|
BREEDING– VALUE |
|
HALOTHANE GENE ERADICATIOM
-DNA- + Bloodtest |
PHENOTYPE TESTING FOR
A. I. BOARS
–
feed convers./ daily gain
– carcass quality
– meat quality
– conformation |
|
ON FARM TESTING FOR
YOUNG
BOARS AND QILTS
–
registration
– feed convers./daily gain
– carcass quality
– conformation |
– TOTAL NUMBER OF PIGS 1,2 MILLIONS
– TOTAL NUMBER OF SC0fS 120 000, EQUAL NUNBER OF PUREBRED
FINNISH YORKSHIRE AND LANDRACE SONS, ABOUT 25 % OF SOWS ARE ROSSBREDS
– TOTAL NUMBER OF BOARS ABOUT 5000, ALL ARE PUREBRED
– ABOUT 150 ACTIVE BREEDING FARNS
– THE AVERAGE MUNSER OF SONS IN BREEDIRG FARMS IS 30
– ABOUT 2250 PUREBRED SOWS IN BOTH BREEDS UNDER ACTIVE
BREEDING
PROGENY TESTING AT THE STATIONS
– 7 DIFFERENT STATIONS, ABOUT 1200 GROUPS TESTED EVERY
YEAR
– 4 ANIMALS IN EACH GROUP (2 FEMALES + 2 CASTRATES)
– TEST PERIOD 25 – 100 KG
– RESTRICTED FEEDING (ALMOST AD LIBITUM LEVEL) IN
GROUPS ACCORDING TO WEIGHT OF ANIMALS, SANE FEED AND FEEDING PATTERN IM ALL
STATIONS
– IN 100 KG LIVE WEIGHT PIGS ARE SLAUGHTERED AND
CARCASSES DISSECTED FOR ESTIMATION OF FAT AND LEAN MEAT CONTENT
– THE RESULT, K-INDEX CAN BE DIVIDED IM THREE
SUB-INDEXES
A) PRODUCTION TRAITS INDEX: 1. DAILY GAIN
2. FEED CONVERSION
– the result of each group is compared to the
groups grown at the same time at the same station
B) CARCASS QUALITY TRAITS INDEX: 3. % OF HIGH CUTS
(= MEAT-%)
4. FAT-% IN BACK AND LOIN
– individual results are compared to the rolling
average of all Landrace and Yorkshire groups (same groups as in
production traits)
C) MEAT QUALITY INDEX: 5. PH-VALUE
6. MEAT COLOR
– individual results are compared to the average
values in the same day at the same slaughterhouse
– THE NATIONAL AVERAGE OF K-INDEX IS + 4,0. TEE BEST
SONS CAN GET K-INDEX OVER + 20. THE K-INDEX OF BOARS IS CALCULATED USING
WEIGHING FACTOR ACCORDING THE NUMBER OF PROGENY GROUPS TESTED. THE BEST
BOARS ARE GETTING K- INDEX MORE THAN + 30.
– K-INDEX + 4, 0 OR MORE IS REQUIRED FOR AN ANIMAL TO
ENTER INTO ELITE CLASS IN HERDBOOK
– BOARS FOR BREEDING PURPOSES ARE ACCEPTED ONLY FROM
PARENTS WHICH BOTH ARE ACCEPTED INTO THE ELITE CLASS. USUALLY BOTH PARENTS
HAVE K INDEX OVER + 10.
PROGENYTEST RESULTS 1970-9
PROGENYTEST RESULTS 1970-92
|
RESULTS FROM DISSECTED CARCASSES
|
PROGENYTEST RESULTS 1970-92
|
|
ON FARM TESTING
In Finland all young boars (4500 yearly) and most of young gilts (60 000
yearly) are tested on farms. The testing routine is carried out by the
breeding advisers of The Finnish Animal Breeding Association–FABA and by
some slaughterhouse personnel.
The animals are tested when their weight is between 90 and 110 kg and age
is recorded. Backfat is measured ultrasonically from both sides at the last
rib and in the midback, thinnest point (about 8 cm anterior). Mean of these
three measurements is used to calculate so called fat scores. All animals in
the same litter are usually measured in the same day. So, the actual growth
differences are weight differences between litter mates. Scores from growth
and fat are summed and this sum is the final T-INDEX. Separate equations are
used for boars and gilts. Nowadays index is calculated in the central
computer to which the technicians (or their terminals) are on line connected
by phone.
The main idea in adjustment is first to standardize the increasing
variance in live weights and fat when animals are getting older. Secondly
standardized differences of growth and fat are weighted so that phenotypic,
genetic and economical factors are considered. Every year parameters are
changed so that the mean of T-index remains always close to 106. There is a
national culling level of 100, but generally T-index is advised to be used
only for within farm comparisons. Standard deviation of the T-index is about
5. A guide for parameters in 'standard fat and weight' were taken from the
field experiment in 1991.
In addition to the calculation of T-index also legs, teats, hams and
general conformation of young boars and gilts are judged the same day. For
accepting in on-farm test both the gilts and boars must have at least 7 + 7
teats. Animals with inverted teats are culled. All accepted animals must
have good legs and moving ability. All defects in legs are recorded using
code system. On farm test results are used in domestic market of breeding
pigs.
ON-FARM TEST 1981-92
AGE IN 100 KG
|
BACK + SIDEFAT AVERAGE IN 100 KG
|
PERFORMANCE TEST FOR A . I . BOARS
– 40 % OF FINNISH SOWS ARE INSEMINATED
– HEAVY PRE-SELECTION, ONLY PROGENY FROM BEST SONS AND BOARS ARE ACCEPTED
TO THE TESTING STATIONS
- TESTING AT 2 STATIONS
– ABOUT 250 BOARS TESTED YEARLY IN BOTH BREEDS
- BEST 30% OF BOARS ACCEPTED FOR A. I.
- 1 – 3 BOARS ARE SELECTED FROM THE SAME LITTER FOR TEST
- TEST PERIOD IS FROM 25 KG TO 100 KG LIVE WEIGHT
– INDIVIDUAL FEEDING DURING TEST PERIOD
– IN 100 KG LIVE WEIGHT BOARS ARE ON-FARM TESTED AND FAT MEASUREMENTS ARE
TAKEN FROM 7 DIFFERENT POINTS ( 2 ON SHOULDER, 3 ON MID BACK AND 2 ON HAM)
– THE RESULT IS ANNOUNCED AS F-INDEX
– F-INDEX INCLUDES: 1. THE DAILY GAIN AND FEED CONVERSION OF ANIMAL
ITSELF
2. FEED CONVERSION OF FULL BROTHERS
3. FEED CONVERSION OF PARENTS
4. FAT MEASUREMENTS OF ANIMAL ITSELF
5. % HIGH PRICE CUTS (= MEAT-%) OF PARENTS
6. HEAT Quality OF PARENTS
– TEATS, LEGS AND CONFORMATION HAS IMPORTANT ROLE AS SELECTION CRITERIA
TOGETHER WITH F-INDEX
PERFORMANCE TEST FOR A. I. BOARS
|
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PERFORMANCE TEST FOR A. I. BOARS
|
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PERFORMANCE TEST FOR A. I. BOARS
|
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LITTER RECORDING
OFFICIAL RECORDING OF PIGLET PRODUCTION STARTED IN 1983
ABOUT 1200 FARMS RECORDED, COVERING 25 % OF FARMS AND 30 % OF SOWS
DATA IS RECORDED EITHER BY TECHNICIANS OR FARMERS THEMSELVES
TECHNICIANS ARE USING DATA TERMINALS WHICH ARE ON LINE CONNECTED TO THE
CENTRAL COMPUTER
FARMERS CAN SEND DATA EITHER BT WRITTEN OR BY THROUGH FARM MANAGING
PC-PROGRAM 'POTKA' WITH ON LINE CONNECTION TO THE CENTRAL COMPUTER
THE AVERAGE NUMBER OF SOWS IN LITTER RECORDING IS ABOUT 30, A GILT IS
RECORDED AS A SOW IN 200 DAYS AGE
RESULTS FROM ON-FARM TEST AND FROM PROGENY TEST ARE CONNECTED BY CENTRAL
COMPUTER TO LITTER RECORDING
TEE FOLLOWIN INFORMATION IS COLLECTED:
* DATE OF INSEMINATION AND SOAR USED
* DATE OF FARROWING
* LITTER SIZE AT BIRTH, TERRE WEEKS AGE AND MEANING
* GENETIC DEFECTS
* INFORMATICS FRQM VET. TREATMENTS
* DATE AND REASON OF CULLING
THE MAIN RESULT IS PIGLET PRODUCTION / SOW / YEAR
AVERAGE LITTERSIZE, FARROWING INTERVAL, MORTALITY OF PIGLETS AND OTHER
INFORMATION CAN BE SEEN IM FARM REPORT
RESULT OF EACH EARN IS COMPARED TO THE AVERAGE OF AREA AND WHOLE COUNTRY
PRODUCTION RESULTS OF EACH INDIVIDUAL ANIMAL ARE PRINTED IN SOW AND BOAR
CARDS
LITTER RECORDING 1991
PIGLET PRODUCTION/SOW/YEAR
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