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¡@¡@ºî¦X¥H¤Wªºµ²ªG¡A¤£½×©yÄõ§ïÀn©Îªá§ïÀn§¡¯à¥Í²£ªñ100¢Hªº¥Õ¦â¤gµfÀn¡AÅã¥Ü¥X¾ú¸g25¦~ªº¥Õ¦â¤gµfÀn¿Ë¥N¿ï¨|pµe¡A¨ä¶¥¬q©Ê¥ô°ÈÀ³¤w¹F¦¨¡CµM¦¹¤@¬ã¨sÁö§¹¦¨¦ý¨Ã¤£·N¨ý¤w¹F¤Q¥þ¤Q¬ü¡A¦]¬°ÁöµM¦³Ãö¤gµfÀn¤ò¦â§ï¨}¡A¦b¥»¬Ù¥Á¶¡¤w¨|¥XÀu¨}§ïÀn¡C¨Ì¾ÚFilieres
Avicole 1996¦~5¤ë³ø¾É¡Aªk°ê¥ç¤w±À¥X¥Í²£95¢H¥Õ¦â¤gµfÀn¯b¸sªº¥À¨t¡CµM¦Ó¨´¤µ¤ò¦â°ò¦]¬ÛÃö¿ò¶Ç¾÷¨î¤´¤£¬Æ²M·¡¡A¬°¯àÄ~Äò»P¥@¬É¦U¦a¬ã¨s¾÷ºc¦bÀn¿ò¶Ç¨|ºØ»â°ì¨Ã¾r»ôÅX¡A§ÚÌÀ³ºÉ³tÀÀq¸Ó¿ï¨|±Ú¸s(¥_¨ÊÀn¡B¥ÕµæÀn¤Îªá§ïÀn)ªº¤U¤@¶¥¬q¥ô°È¡C´N§»Æ[ªºÉ]³õ»Ý¨D±Æ[¤§¡A¦³Ãö´£¤É¤gµfÀn¥Í²£¸gÀٮIJvªºÃD¥Ø¡A¦p°ª¹}®Æ®Ä²v¤gµfÀn¤§¿ï¨|¤Î°ª¨üºë²v¹å¤Æ²v«~¨t«Ø¥ßµ¥¡A§¡«æ«Ý¬ã¨s§ë¤J¡A¥B¦Û¥Ø«e¥»¬ÙÀn¨|ºØ¬ã¨s¤H¤O³]³Æ¸ê·½Æ[¤§¡A±NºØÀn¸s¾A·í²¾Âà¥Á¶¡¥ø·~¨Ã¥O¨ä«OºØ¹êÄݤWµ¦¡C¦p¦¹Àn¨|ºØ¬ã¨s¤H¤O¸ê·½¦ÛµM¥i¥H§ë¤J§ó«n§ó¢¤Á¤§°ÝÃD¡AµM°ß¤@ªºÁô¼~¬OY±Ú¸s«O¦s¤£·V¦Ó¬y¥¢«h¤£¶ÈªP¶O«e¤Hªº§V¤O§ó¥O§Ú½ú¬ã¨s¤Hû¿ò¾Ñ¡F©Î¬O¥Ñ¤¤¤ß¥H¤p±Ú¸s«OºØ¡A§Q¥Î¦¹¤@§¹¾ã¦³¨t²Î¤§§÷®Æ°ö°V¦~»´¨|ºØ¬ã¨s¤Hû¡A¼ÒÀÀ±Ú¸s¿ò¶Ç¤ò¦â°ò¦]ÀW«×¤À§G²z½×¡C©Î¬O§ó¶i¤@¨B¦X§@pµe¥H¿ò¶Ç¶ZÂ÷¤§¤ÀªR¼Ò¦¡·j´M±±¨î¤ò¦â°ò¦]¼Æ¥Øµ¥¡CÁ`¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A¦Û¿ò¶Ç¨|ºØªºÆ[ÂI¡A¥»¬Ù¼Æ¤Q¦~«Ø¥ß¤§¥»¤g¤Æ¨|ºØ±Ú¸s¤Î¨ä¨t²Î¸ê®Æ§¡À³µø¬°¡¨¿ò¶Ç¥É¥Û¡¨¡A¤×«Ý¬ã¨s¤Hû¤£Â_ªºµZ¿i¡A¥H¶i¤@¨B¸Ñ¶}¤gµfÀn¥Õ¦â¦Ð¤ò°ò¦]«¬(«YÄÝÁô©Êcc©Î¬O¤ò¦â§í¨î¦]¤lI§í©Î¬Oªñ¦üÅã©Ê¥ÕEEGG
Lancaster, 1963)¤§Á¼¡C
ªí1. ¤gµfÀn¦Ð¦â¤À¯Å»¡©ú
Table 1. Plumage grading of the mule ducks
¤À ¯Å
Grade |
»¡¡@¡@©ú
Description |
Åéªí¥Õ¦â¦Ð¤ò¤§±¿n(¢H)
Proportion of white area(%) |
µû ¤À
Score |
A |
¥þ¨¥Õ¦Ð |
100 |
10.0 |
B |
¥þ¨¥Õ¦Ð¡B¶ÂÀY |
97¡ã99.9 |
9.5 |
C |
¶ÂÀY¡BI¤W¶Â´³ |
80¡ã96.9 |
8.0 |
D |
¶ÂÀY¡B¶ÂI¡B¶Â§À |
50¡ã79.9 |
5.0 |
E |
ªá´³(¶Â¥Õ²VÂø¡A«UºÙ¥|ÂIª÷) |
50¥H¤U |
2.5 |
F |
¥þ¶Â |
0 |
0.0 |
¡°½Ð°Ñ·Ó¹Ï4¤Î¹Ï5¡CSee fig.4. and fig.5.
¡@
ªí2. ¾ú¦~«á¥N¦Ð¦â¥X²{¦Ê¤À¤ñ
Table 2. Mule duck plumage appearance in each year
Year(ROC) |
62 |
63 |
64 |
65 |
66 |
67 |
68 |
69 |
70 |
71 |
Grade generation |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
A |
1.1 |
3.1 |
5.1 |
5.94 |
12.27 |
13.27 |
9.05 |
9.72 |
3.49 |
3.26 |
B |
5.3 |
38.3 |
5.0 |
26.91 |
42.31 |
41.83 |
60.74 |
43.23 |
47.51 |
57.24 |
C |
17.3 |
7.8 |
34.6 |
49.95 |
41.13 |
42.81 |
28.22 |
44.32 |
46.01 |
31.53 |
D |
12.2 |
10.0 |
15.8 |
17.10 |
2.81 |
2.09 |
1.99 |
2.72 |
2.99 |
8.36 |
E |
17.1 |
8.1 |
6.5 |
0.09 |
1.48 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
F |
47.0 |
31.0 |
32.0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
´ú©w°¦¼Æ |
´²¥¢ |
´²¥¢ |
´²¥¢ |
1111 |
3375 |
1530 |
652 |
1286 |
802 |
1471 |
*¦Ð¤ò¦â¤À¯Å½Ð°Ñ·Óªí1¡CPlumage grading see table 1. (ºK¦Û¶À¡A1985)
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ªí3. ¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯Å¤§»¡©ú
Table 3. Plumage grading of the mule ducks
µ¥¯Å
Grade |
»¡
©ú
Description |
1. |
¥þ¨¬°¥Õ¦â¡AµL¥ô¦ó¶Â¤ò¥X²{¡C
Pure white. |
2. |
¥þ¨¬°¥Õ¦â¡A¶È¦³ÀY³¡¥X²{¤Ö³\¶Â¤ò¡C
Only a little spot on head. |
3. |
¥þ¨¬°¥Õ¦â¡AÀY³¡¶Â¦â¦Ð¤ò°Ï°ì¸û¤j¡C
Black spot on head, but else area is white. |
4. |
°£ÀY³¡¥~¡AI³¡¥X²{¤Ö¼Æ¼Æ®Ú¶Â¤òªÌ¡C
A little spot on back and head. |
5. |
°£ÀY³¡¥~¡AI³¡¥X²{¤@¤p¶ô¶Â¤ò°Ï°ì¡C
Black area is more than 4th grade. |
6. |
°£ÀY³¡¥~¡AI³¡¶Â¤ò°Ï°ì¸û²Ä5¯Å¬°¦h¡C
Black area is more than 5th grade. |
7. |
°£ÀY³¡¥~¡AI³¡¶Â¤ò°Ï°ì¸û²Ä6¯Å¬°¦h¡A¦ý¤´¥i¥H¤j©i«ü»\±o¦í¡C
Black spot on back, but the area less 4 cm2. |
8. |
°£ÀY³¡¥~¡AI³¡¶Â¤ò°Ï°ì¦¨²Ó¦Óªø±øª¬¡Aªø«×¶W¹L¤j©i«ü¤j¤p¡C
Black area is more than 7thgrade. |
9. |
°£ÀY³¡¥~¡AI³¡¶Â¤ò°Ï°ìªø±ø¸û²Ê¥B¤w¹F§À³¡¡C
Black area is more than 8th grade. |
10. |
°£ÀY³¡¥~¡AI³¡¶Â¤ò°Ï°ì¼e¹F¨â°¼¡A¦ý¸¡³¡©|µL¶Â¤ò¡C
Black area is more than 9th grade,butonly on back and head. |
11. |
ÀY³¡¡BI³¡¥~¡A¸¡³¡¥X²{¶Â¦â¦Ð¤òªÌ¡C
Black area is extended to chest area. |
12. |
ÀY³¡¡BI³¡¥~¡A¸¡³¡¥X²{¶Â¦â¦Ð¤òªÌ¡A¸û11.¯Å¬°¦h¡C
Black area is extended to chest and abdominal area. |
13. |
ÀY³¡¡BI³¡¡B¸¡³¡¥X²{¶Â¦â¦Ð¤òªÌ¡A¸û12.¯Å¬°¦h¡C
Black area is more than 12th grade. |
14. |
ÀY³¡¡BI³¡¡B¸¡³¡¤j¦h¬°¶Â¦â¶È¦³ÀV°é¤Î¯Í¥¼¦³¤Ö¼Æ¥Õ¤òªÌ¡C
Black area is more than 13thgrade. |
¡°¬°¹A¥Á¥i±µ¨ü¤§¶Â¤ò¥X²{«¬ºA¡C
¡@
ªí4. ¥Õ¦âµæÀnL102«~¨t¾ú¥N«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯ÅÀË©w¦¨ÁZa
Table 4. Cumulative percentage in plumage grade of mule ducks in each generation of line
102 a
Generation |
Grade |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@cumulative %¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@
|
8 |
6.5 |
21.8 |
56.4 |
66.8 |
81.3 |
86.1 |
89.1 |
91.6 |
94.4 |
97.3 |
98.5 |
99.7 |
9 |
7.5 |
16.7 |
57.1 |
64.7 |
77.8 |
85.6 |
88.7 |
92.2 |
95.2 |
98.4 |
99.3 |
100 |
10 |
5.0 |
31.2 |
62.4 |
77.6 |
90.5 |
96.4 |
98.8 |
99.7 |
99.9 |
100 |
¡@ |
¡@ |
11 |
8.5 |
29.8 |
64.1 |
78.4 |
93.1 |
98.1 |
99.6 |
99.8 |
99.8 |
99.8 |
100 |
¡@ |
12 |
13.1 |
45.1 |
82.7 |
93.1 |
97.7 |
99.3 |
99.8 |
99.9 |
99.9 |
100 |
¡@ |
¡@ |
13 |
12.7 |
41.9 |
87.4 |
95.5 |
98.9 |
99.6 |
99.9 |
100 |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
14 |
8.4 |
67.8 |
91.9 |
97.9 |
98.8 |
99.3 |
99.5 |
99.8 |
100 |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
15 |
13.4 |
82.3 |
95.9 |
98.6 |
99.3 |
99.5 |
99.7 |
100 |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
16 |
15.4 |
83.5 |
96.0 |
98.9 |
99.6 |
99.7 |
99.8 |
100 |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
a The data are summarized from Lee and Kang (1997).
¡@
ªí5. ¼Ú¬ü¶i¤f¥_¨ÊÀn«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦â¦¨ÁZ
«~¨t |
Àn¼Æ |
¼Æ¥ØÀË©w¤gµfÀn |
Grade |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@cumulative %¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@
|
XL4 |
45 |
100 |
1 |
9 |
11 |
12 |
17 |
27 |
44 |
50 |
55 |
74 |
89 |
100 |
¡@ |
¡@ |
X4 |
39 |
124 |
0.8 |
5.6 |
12.1 |
13.7 |
16.9 |
21.8 |
26.6 |
51.6 |
72.6 |
85.5 |
95.2 |
98.4 |
99.2 |
100 |
(¤Þ¥Î«¸¤ÎJ¥¼µoªí¸ê®Æ)
¡@
ªí6. ¤£¦P¥_¨Ê¤½Àn¹ï«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯Å¤§¼vÅT
Table 6. Comparison on plumage grade of mule ducks between different Pekin drakes
Pekin
drake |
Grade |
mule
ducks |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@cumulative %¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@
|
5056 |
0.8 |
8.9 |
21.0 |
33.9 |
41.1 |
59.7 |
71.8 |
96.0 |
97.6 |
99.2 |
100.0 |
¡@ |
124 |
5456 |
8.7 |
26.1 |
75.4 |
88.9 |
92.8 |
97.1 |
98.6 |
100.0 |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
69 |
5565 |
5.1 |
15.3 |
44.9 |
48.0 |
52.0 |
57.1 |
62.2 |
88.8 |
92.9 |
95.9 |
96.9 |
99.0 |
98 |
5800 |
1.8 |
10.9 |
27.3 |
32.7 |
35.2 |
41.8 |
51.5 |
82.4 |
86.7 |
93.9 |
97.0 |
100.0 |
165 |
¡@
7. ¥_¨ÊÀn201«~¨t¾ú¥N«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯ÅÀË©w¦¨ÁZa
Table7. Cumulative percentage in plumage grade of mule ducks in each generation of line
201 a
Generation |
Grade |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@ ¡@cumulative %
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@
|
6 |
1.9 |
5.6 |
10.9 |
11.9 |
15.5 |
29.1 |
37.8 |
52.1 |
61.0 |
86.2 |
94.4 |
99.8 |
100 |
7 |
0.0 |
9.7 |
13.0 |
14.6 |
23.2 |
40.0 |
56.2 |
74.1 |
83.8 |
96.2 |
99.5 |
100 |
¡@ |
8 |
3.1 |
6.6 |
13.2 |
14.5 |
15.0 |
24.2 |
37.4 |
63.4 |
66.5 |
89.0 |
95.6 |
99.6 |
99.6 |
9 |
0.5 |
5.9 |
11.0 |
11.6 |
15.6 |
32.0 |
49.4 |
70.1 |
77.0 |
95.7 |
98.9 |
100 |
¡@ |
10 |
1.2 |
5.8 |
18.6 |
25.5 |
30.0 |
35.4 |
43.1 |
62.5 |
80.3 |
92.6 |
96.6 |
98.0 |
99.3 |
11 |
4.9 |
31.0 |
33.4 |
46.0 |
53.4 |
56.6 |
61.2 |
72.4 |
97.7 |
99.5 |
99.8 |
99.9 |
100 |
12 |
2.1 |
50.9 |
53.7 |
69.1 |
73.6 |
77.8 |
79.1 |
85.1 |
99.1 |
99.8 |
99.8 |
100 |
¡@ |
13 |
1.9 |
53.3 |
68.8 |
89.3 |
92.9 |
94.6 |
95.7 |
98.4 |
99.5 |
99.9 |
100 |
¡@ |
¡@ |
14 |
7.7 |
58.5 |
80.1 |
94.3 |
98.1 |
99.0 |
99.5 |
100 |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
The date are summarized from Lee and Kang. (1997).
ªí8. ©yÄõ§ïÀn¥Ð¶¡¸ÕÅç«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦â¦¨ÁZa
Table 8. Cumulative percentage in plumage grade of mule ducks derived from I-Lan Kaiya
duck a
Sourceb |
Grade |
mule
ducks |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@cumulative
%¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@
|
DRC-1 |
7.9 |
41.4 |
50.2 |
57.3 |
61.1 |
64.2 |
68.2 |
75.0 |
98.6 |
99.2 |
99.6 |
100.0 |
819 |
DRC-2 |
8.0 |
49.4 |
61.2 |
64.5 |
68.6 |
70.2 |
74.5 |
79.6 |
96.5 |
98.9 |
99.7 |
100.0 |
490 |
DRC-3 |
7.0 |
44.6 |
54.5 |
62.0 |
65.4 |
68.0 |
73.9 |
81.2 |
96.0 |
99.4 |
100.0 |
¡@ |
588 |
Farm-1 |
11.7 |
49.0 |
55.4 |
68.0 |
73.7 |
76.6 |
82.2 |
86.0 |
98.1 |
99.2 |
99.8 |
100.0 |
1241 |
Farm-2 |
6.6 |
45.2 |
48.8 |
62.7 |
66.5 |
69.5 |
80.5 |
85.6 |
99.4 |
99.9 |
100.0 |
¡@ |
1200 |
Farm-3 |
7.9 |
27.4 |
68.7 |
72.6 |
77.2 |
82.1 |
89.1 |
93.4 |
94.0 |
95.7 |
98.7 |
99.6 |
537 |
a¸ÕÅç´Á¶¡¡G1991¦~1¤ë¡ã10¤ë¡C
a Testing period:January-October, 1991.
b DRC:«ü¯b¸Õ©Ò©yÄõ¤À©Ò¡AFarm: «ü¥Á¶¡§ïÀn³õ¡C
DRC:Duck Research Center, I-Lan,TLRI; Farm: field test from duck farms.
¡@
ªí9. §ïÀn2101¤Î2102«~¨t¾ú¥N«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯ÅÀË©w¦¨ÁZ
Table 9. Cumulative percentage in plumage grade of mule ducks in each generation of line
2101 and 2102 a
Generation |
Grade |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@cumulative
%¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@
|
2 |
24.5 |
64.7 |
81.2 |
85.5 |
89.9 |
95.7 |
98.2 |
98.8 |
98.8 |
98.8 |
99.9 |
100.0 |
3 |
11.0 |
39.2 |
82.0 |
87.5 |
89.8 |
95.2 |
97.3 |
98.5 |
98.8 |
99.1 |
99.7 |
100.0 |
4 |
16.5 |
52.1 |
87.0 |
96.8 |
99.1 |
99.6 |
99.9 |
100.0 |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
¡@ |
5 |
32.2 |
90.4 |
98.7 |
99.9 |
99.9 |
99.9 |
99.9 |
99.9 |
99.9 |
100.0 |
¡@ |
¡@ |
a ²Ä2¡A3¥N¬° L2101+L2102¡A²Ä4¥N¬°L2102¡A²Ä5¥N¬°L2101¡C
Pooled with L2101 and L2102 in the 2nd and 3rd generation, but it was only L2102 in the
4th
generation, and only L2101 in the 5th generation.
¡@
ªí10. ©yÄõ§ïÀn¥Ð¶¡¸ÕÅç«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦â¦¨ÁZ
Table 10. Cumulative percentage in plumage grade of mule ducks derived from I-Lan Kaiya
duck
Batch |
Grade |
mule
ducks |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@cumulative
%¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@
|
1 |
19.9 |
70.1 |
94.8 |
98.6 |
99.3 |
99.4 |
99.5 |
100 |
2317 |
2 |
17.9 |
72.3 |
96.7 |
98.9 |
99.7 |
99.8 |
99.9 |
100 |
4097 |
3 |
13.8 |
69.6 |
94.6 |
97.9 |
99.8 |
99.8 |
99.9 |
100 |
2241 |
ªí11. ©yÄõ§ïÀn»Pªá¦â§ïÀn¦U¶µ©Ê¯à¤ñ¸û
Table 11. Cumulative on performance between I-Lan Kaiya and color Kaiya ducks
Trait |
linea |
Probability |
I-Lan Kaiya(L210) |
Color kaiya(L210A) |
Body wt.at 20 wks of age (kg) |
2.13±0.16 |
2.00±0.30 |
0.02 |
Body wt.at 30 wks of age (kg) |
2.11±0.17 |
1.92±0.23 |
< 0.01 |
Age of first egg (day) |
141±7 |
156±11 |
< 0.01 |
Egg number during 52 wks of age (no) |
195±20 |
167±43 |
< 0.01 |
Egg wt. at 40 wks of age (g) |
81.7±5.9 |
78.4±6.0 |
0.02 |
Shell strength at 40 wks of age (kg/cm2) |
3.5±0.5 |
3.6±0.6 |
0.58 |
Plumage of mule ducks within qualified (%) |
70.7 |
97.0 |
< 0.01b |
a
©yÄõ§ï«Y¨Ó¦Û¥_¨Ê¤½Àn»P¥Õ¦â¥ÀµæÀn¤§Âø¥æ¡Aªá¦â§ïÀn¬OL2101»PL2102¤§²V¦X¡C
I-Lan Kaiya is from Pekin ¡ñ(L201 )¡ÑTsaiya ¡ð( L102), color Kaiya is pool with L2101
and L2102.
b ¥d¤èÀË©w¡C
Chi-square test.
ªí12. µfÀnL301»PL302«~¨t¹ï«á¥N¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯Å¤§¼vÅTa
Table 12. Comparison plumage grade of mule ducks between L302 and L302 a
Line |
Mule ducks |
Gradeb |
1
(pure white) |
2,3
(black head) |
4-7b
(black back) |
8¡ô
(below qualified) |
¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@%¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@
|
301 |
986 |
29.1 |
64.6 |
6.2 |
0.1 |
302 |
854 |
14.2 |
78.5 |
7.1 |
0.2 |
a L301, L302¤½µfÀnºë²G¥H¤H¤u±Âºë¤è¦¡¤À§O»P¥Õ¦âµæÀnL 102«~¨t¥ÀÀn¥æ°tÁc´Þ¤gµfÀn¡C
Pool semen of L301 or L302, were artificially inseminated to Taisya ducks (L102).
Mule ducks, which was derived from L301 or L302, were tested for plumage grade
b¹A¥Á¥i±µ¨ü¤§µ¥¯Å¬°7¯Å¥H¤º¡C
Within the 7th grade is qualified for duck farmer.
°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm
§õµÏºa¡BJ©É¯E¡B³¯»Ê¥¿¡C1993¡CÀu¨}¥Õ¦â¤gµfÀn¿Ë¥N¿ï¨|¡C¯b²£¬ã¨s26
(2)¡G121¡ã129¡C
§õµÏºa¡B±d²M«G¡C1997¡C¤gµfÀn¥Õ¦â¦Ð¤ò¥X²{²v¤§§ï¶i¡C¯b²£¬ã¨s30
(3)¡G293¡ã299¡C
©P¥ú¦t¡B¶À·u·×¡C1970¡C¥xÆWªº¾iÀn¡C¤¤°ê¹A§ø´_¿³©eû·|¯bªª²Ä¤K¸¹¤â¥U¡C¥x¥_¡Cpp.4¡ã7¡C
¶À·u·×¡C1985¡C¥Õ¦â¤gµfÀn¤§¿ï¨|¡C¤¤¯b·|»x14 (3-4)¡G111¡ã122¡C
¾G¥A¯d¡C1989¡C¤¤°ê®a¸V«~ºØ§Ó¡C¤W®ü¬ì¾Ç§Þ³N¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¦¿Ä¬¡App.157¡C
¼B·ç¬Ã¡BÀ¹Á¾¡B³\«n¤s¡BJ©É¯E¡C1984¡C¥Õ¦â¤gµfÀn¿Ë¥N¿ï¨|¡C¥xÆW¬Ù¹AªLÆU¯b²£¸ÕÅçµûij·|¬ã¨s³ø§i¡C¥xÆW¬Ù¯b²£¸ÕÅç©Ò¡A¥x«n¡App.63¡ã65¡C
¿à»Ê¬Ñ¡B±d²M«G¡B§õµÏºa¡C1998¡C¤£¦P«~¨t§ïÀn¥Í²£©Ê¯à»P¨ä«á¥N¤gµfÀn¸gÀ٩ʯà¤ñ¸û¡C¥xÆW¬Ù¹AªLÆU¯b²£¸ÕÅçµûij·|¬ã¨s³ø§i¡C¥xÆW¬Ù¯b²£¸ÕÅç©Ò¡A¥x«n¡C
À¹ Á¾¡B´¿»a©M¡B³¯»Ê¥¿¡B«¸©µ¦~¡B¶À·u·×¡C1987¡C¥»¬Ù¤£¦P«~¨t¥¿µfÀn¥Í²£©Ê¯à¤ñ¸û¡C¯b²£¬ã¨s
20 (1)¡G67¡ã72¡C
À¹ Á¾¡B±d²M«G¡B§õµÏºa¡B³¯«O°ò¡B¼B·ç¬Ã¡C1984¡C¬Ù²£Âø¥æµæÀn»P¶i¤fÂø¥æµæÀn¸gÀ٩ʯध¤ñ¸û¡C¤¤¯b·|»x¡C13
(3¡ã4)¡G53¡ã61¡C
À¹ Á¾¡B¼B·ç¬Ã¡B¶À·u·×¡C1988¡CÀnºØ§ï¨}»P¿ï¨|¡C²Ä¤@©¡®a¸V¿ò¶Ç¨|ºØ¬ã°Q·|±M¿è¡C¥x«n¡Cpp.166¡ã192¡C
À¹ Á¾¡B¼B·ç¬Ã¡B±d²M«G¡B³¯®Ê»a¡B¶À·u·×¡C1985¡C©yÄõ§ïÀn¥Íªø¤Î¥Í´Þ©Ê¯à¤§¬ã¨s¡C18(1)¡G59¡ã67¡C
¦w³¡³q¦¡C1936¡C¥xÆWÇU¾iÄE·~¡C¥xÆW¤§¯b²£4 (5)¡G237¡ã257¡C
Huang, H.H.1973. The duck industry of Taiwan, J.C.R.R. Animal Industry Series No.8,
Taipei.
Lancaster, F. M.1963. The inheritance of plumage color in the common duck. Bibilio. Genet.
19: 317~404.
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