台灣畜產種原知識庫 - 第二十七卷(1998)

第二十七卷(1998)	shuYing - 1998-09-21
蘭嶼豬種GPI/PGD遺傳型純合品系採半同胞配種後之產仔數陳文誠李啟忠曾晉郎張秀鑾吳明哲臺灣省畜產試驗所蘭嶼豬種GPI/PGD遺傳型純合品系於1992年建立，GPI和PGD分別為BB型和AA型。第零代的10公50母，以1公5母併欄配種，初產活仔數和第二產活仔數分別為4.22+1.02頭(45胎)和5.23+1.97頭(35胎)。依據種母豬初產和第二產產仔數平均之高低，挑選產仔數高的種母豬之初產所生的公仔豬10頭(每胎僅一頭)和母仔豬50頭為第一代種豬。再進行1公5母的半同胞併欄配種，第一代種母豬的分娩年齡為1.0、1.5和2.0歲時，其每胎活仔數分別為1.82±2.47(36胎)、3.02±2.56(30胎)和5.02±2.26頭(34胎)。第二代種豬挑選自高產的母豬於兩歲齡所生的仔豬群，計有公仔豬10頭(每胎僅一頭)和母仔豬50頭為第二代種豬。第二代種豬仍採1公5母的半同胞併欄配種方式，第二代種母豬的分娩年齡為1.0、1.5和2.0歲時，其每胎活仔數分別為3.78±1.13(37胎)、4.13±1.26(39胎)和4.34±2.01(35胎)。結果顯示蘭嶼豬種GPI/PGD遺傳型純合品系採半同胞配種和兩個世代選拔後，進親配種並未影響到母豬的產仔數。關鍵語：迷你豬、產仔數、選拔。　 LITTER SIZE OF THE HOMOZYGOTIC GPI/PGD LINE IN LANYU BREED OF PIGS WITH HALF-SIB MATING W. C. Chen, C. J. Lee, J. L. Tzeng, H. L. Chang and M. C. Wu Taiwan Livestock Research Institute The homozygotic GPI/PGD line of Lanyu breed of pigs was established in 1992 with genotypes of GPI-BB and PGD-AA. Ten boars and 50 gilts as the founder and one boar and five gilts were raised in a mating pen. Numbers of born alive per litter at first (N=45) and second (N=35) litters of founder sows were 4.22+1.02 and 5.23+1.97 piglets, respectively. Based upon the rank on the mean size of two litters of founder sows, then 10 male (only one from each litter) and 50 female piglets in the first litters of founder sows were selected as stocks of Generation one (G1). Half-sib mating was used and one boar and five gilts were raised in a mating pen. Numbers of born alive per litter produced by G1 sows at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 years of age were 1.82+2.47 (N=36), 3.02+2.56 (N=30) and 5.02+2.26 (N=34) piglets, respectively. Stocks of Generation two (G2), 10 boars and 50 gilts, were selected from the population which piglets were farrowed by two years old G1 sows. G2 stocks were raised with one boar and five gilts per pen in half-sib mating. Numbers of born alive per litter produced by G2 sows at 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 years of age were 3.78+1.13 (N=37), 4.13+1.26 (N=39) and 4.34+2.01 (N=35) piglets, respectively. In conclusion, the number of born alive per litter was not affected by the half-sib mating method after two generations of selection in the homozygotic GPI/PGD line of Lanyu pigs. Key Words: Miniature pig, Litter size, Selection. 雷克斯種母兔之繁殖年限雷克斯種母兔之繁殖年限吳明哲李世昌張秀鑾黃瓊姿台灣省畜產試驗所雷克斯兔種之新母兔於五月齡被選留為種用母兔後，就移入懸吊式鐵線分娩欄內，欄的長寬高為45×90×36cm，離地面有55cm。自1990年至1995年間出生的母兔，計有822頭被選留為種用母兔，分別有261頭海狸色、167頭錦企拉色、195頭寶藍色和199頭白色等品系之母兔。不分毛色品系時，雷克斯母兔的第一產至第十產的分娩日齡之平均依序為262、329、405、479、557、633、708、784、856和907天。四個品系種兔的死亡率分別為36.40、13.77、17.95和27.14%。當把死亡種兔分類為未分娩過的和經產的，四個毛色品系未分娩過的母兔之死亡日齡平均分別為240、348、268和275天；而經產母兔死亡日齡之平均分別為397、481、467和464天。四個品系經產母兔的淘汰日齡之平均為474、602、504和514天就予以淘汰。不同毛色母兔群中的最多產次的母兔分別有生產16、15、13和19胎的母兔。母兔分娩日齡最老者有1447天，表示雷克斯種母兔繁殖年限可達4年之久。關鍵語：雷克斯兔、毛色、繁殖年限。　 REPRODUCTIVE LIFE SPAN OF RABBIT DOES OF REX BREED M. C. Wu, S. C. Lee, H. L. Chang and C. T. Huang Taiwan Livestock Research Institute Young does of Rex rabbits at five months of age were selected as breeding stocks and then they were raised individually in a net box (45x90x36cm) which was hanged 55cm above the floor. Data analysis was based upon their birth year from 1990 to 1995, 822 Rex does consisting of 261 Castor, 167 Chinchilla, 195 Opal and 199 White fur color varieties were traced for mortality, ages at death, culling and parturition, and number of parity. Regardless of color varieties Rex rabbit does gave births from first to tenth parity at 262, 329, 405, 479, 557, 633, 708, 784, 856 and 907 days of age. Percentages of Mortality in four varieties of fur color described above were 36.40, 13.77, 17.95 and 27.14%, respectively. When dead does were classified into the no-progeny group and the progeny-yes group. Average age at death of rabbit doe for the above four varieties were 240, 348, 268 and 275 days old, respectively, in the no-progeny group; whereas age at death were 397, 481, 467 and 464 days old in the progeny-yes group. For those of culled does they were culled at 474, 602, 504 and 514 days of age in average. The highest numbers of parities of does in the above four varieties were 16, 15, 13 and 19, respectively. The oldest doe at parturition among all does was 1447 days of age that it indicated the reproductive life span of Rex doe could be four years long. Key Words: Rex rabbit, Fur color, Reproductive life span. 雷克斯兔種產仔性狀之毛色品系比較雷克斯兔種產仔性狀之毛色品系比較李世昌吳明哲張秀鑾黃瓊姿台灣省畜產試驗所雷克斯兔種四個毛色品系於1990年至1996年間的產仔胎數計有2114胎，分別有海狸色594胎、錦企拉色509胎、寶藍色501胎和白色510胎。四個毛色品系母兔初產日齡之平均與標準機差分別為243±3 (221頭)、285±4 (140頭)、262±4 (158頭)和257±4天 (137頭)，品系間差異顯著（P<0.05)。每胎仔兔數分別為5.52±.09、5.32±.10、5.40±.10和5.32±.10頭，品系間差異並不顯著。每胎活仔數的百分比在錦企拉色品系為90.2±1.3%，顯著地多於寶藍色品系的85.5±1.2%，但僅略高於白色品系(88.4±1.3%)和海狸色品系(87.2±1.1%)。仔兔於四週齡離乳時之育成率，以白色品系為最高，有67.8±2.0%，其次為錦企拉色品系(65.4±2.0%)和海狸色品系(62.0±1.7%)，最低者為寶藍色品系(54.1±1.9%)，品系間差異顯著（P<0.05)。整體而言，不同毛色的雷克斯兔之仔兔育成率均不及70%。關鍵語：雷克斯兔、毛色、產仔性狀。　 COMPARISON ON LITTER TRAITS AMONG VARIETIES OF FUR COLOR IN REX RABBITS S. C. Lee, M. C. Wu, H. L. Chang and C. T. Huang Taiwan Livestock Research Institute Rex breed of rabbits consists of Castor, Chinchilla, Opal and White fur color varieties were studied for comparison on litter traits collected from 1990 to 1996. Data of 2114 litters was analyzed, which included 594, 509, 501 and 510 litters produced by Castor, Chinchilla, Opal and White does, respectively. Mean and standard error for the age at first parity of does in the above four color varieties were 243+3 (N=221), 285+4 (N=140), 262+4 (N=158) and 257+4 (N=137) days, respectively and differences on ages among varieties were significant (P<0.05). Litter sizes of the above four varieties were 5.52+0.09, 5.32+0.10, 5.40+0.10 and 5.32+0.10 with no variety difference. The percentage of live born per litter in Chinchilla Rex was 90.2+1.3%, which was significantly higher than the 85.5+1.2% of Opal Rex. But it was only slightly higher than that of 88.4+1.3% in White Rex and 87.2+1.1% in Castor Rex. The survival rates of pups per litter at weaning were significantly different (P<0.05) among color varieties when pups were weaned at four weeks old. The highest survival rate of pups at weaning was 67.8+2.0% in White Rex, and less in Chinchilla Rex (65.4+2.0%) and Castor Rex (62.0+1.7%). The lowest rate of pups at weaning was 54.1+1.9% in Opal Rex. Overall, the survival rate of pups at weaning was not more than 70% among varieties of Rex breed. Key Words: Rex rabbit, Fur color, Litter traits. 紐西蘭白兔分娩月份和窩仔數對哺乳仔兔體重之影響紐西蘭白兔分娩月份和窩仔數對哺乳仔兔體重之影響李茂盛李世昌張秀鑾吳明哲台灣省畜產試驗所本試驗以1990年1月至1997年12月的紐西蘭白兔分娩記錄5217胎，進行母兔分娩月份和窩仔數對哺乳仔兔出生重、三週齡重和存活率之影響的分析比較。母兔分娩月份為1~2月，其仔兔的出生重最重，有68.2g，顯著地較分娩月份為6~8月的仔兔出生重(57.3g)還重；而三週齡重則分別為400.6g和329.1g。在2月和7月出生的仔兔之三週齡存活率分別為89.7%和81.0%。當把窩仔數依出生時每胎活仔數歸類為小(1~3頭活仔兔)、中(4~8頭活仔兔)和大(9~17頭活仔兔)三種時，仔兔出生重、三週齡重和存活率均以窩仔數小的仔兔為最大值。窩仔數小、中和大的仔兔出生重分別為75.6、61.6和53.5g；三週齡重分別為473、344和282g；三週齡存活率分別93.3、87.0和77.0%(P<0.05)。結果顯示台灣夏季對紐西蘭白兔的出生重、三週齡重和存活率均有不利的影響，而來自窩仔數大的仔兔於哺乳期三週後之增重倍數僅有5.3倍，顯著地低於窩仔數小者(6.3倍)和中者(5.6倍)。關鍵語：兔、季節、體重。　 THE INFLUENCE OF FARROWING MONTH AND FRATERNAL SIZE ON BODY WEIGHT OF NURSING PUPS IN NEW ZEALAND WHITE RABBIT M. S. Lee, S. C. Lee, H. L. Chang and M. C. Wu Taiwan Livestock Research Institute A total of 5217 litters of New Zealand White rabbits was recorded from January of 1990 to December of 1997. The influence of farrowing month and fraternal size on body weights of pups at birth and 3-week old and their survival rate. The birth weight of pups was the heaviest one, 68.2g, when they were born in January and February. It was significantly heavier than that of pups born in June to August (57.3g). They weighed 400.6 and 329.1g at 3-week old, respectively. Survival rates of 3-week old pups born in February and July were 89.7 and 81.0%, respectively. Three fraternal size groups: small (1~3 alive pups), medium (4~8 alive pups) and large (9~17 alive pups) were classified according to the number of born alive. Pups in the small group had a heaviest birth weight and 3-week old weight and a greatest survival rate. Birth weights of pups in the small, medium and large groups were 75.6, 61.6 and 53.5g; 3-week old weight were 473, 344 and 282g; and survival rate at 3-week old were 93.3, 87.0 and 77.0%, respectively (P<0.05). Results indicated that a summer depression on birth weight of pups and their 3-week old weight and survival rate existed in the summer of Taiwan. Nursing pups in the large fraternal size group increased only 5.3 times on body weight at 3-week old and it was significantly less than that of the small (6.3 times) and medium (5.6 times) groups. Key Words: Rabbit, Season, Body weight. 應用血液生化多態型估計不同毛色豬種之遺傳距離應用血液生化多態型估計不同毛色豬種之遺傳距離林德育(1) 趙俊炫(2) 張明雄(2) 李啟忠(1) 吳松鎮(1) 曾晉郎(1) 李力(2) 張秀鑾(1) 吳明哲(1) (1)台灣省畜產試驗所 (2)國家實驗動物繁殖及研究中心本試驗採集台灣省畜產試驗所台東種畜繁殖場蘭嶼豬保種族群及選育族群各45及29頭黑色蘭嶼豬、30頭棕白條紋相間迷彩豬(杜洛克種與蘭嶼種雜交選育成)與28頭白色藍瑞斯豬的頸靜脈血樣，以醋酸纖維電泳法分析血漿中澱粉瓩一型(AMY1)、澱粉瓩二型(AMY2) 與解脂瓩型(ES)，及紅血球膜酵素型之葡萄糖磷酸基異構瓩型（GPI）及6-磷酸鹽葡萄糖去氫瓩型（PGD），藉以瞭解同一飼養場所的豬種血型之遺傳變異及其類緣關係。結果顯示蘭嶼豬選育族群中GPI與PGD皆為單一型，蘭嶼豬保種族群之GPI亦為單一型。異質結合率在藍瑞斯、迷彩豬、蘭嶼豬選育族群與蘭嶼豬保種族群分別為0.42�b0.05(標準機差)、0.46�b0.07、0.31�b0.13和0.31�b0.12。四個族群之類緣關係以蘭嶼豬選育族群與蘭嶼豬保種族群之遺傳距離最近(0.004)，藍瑞斯與蘭嶼豬保種族群之遺傳距離為0.018，藍瑞斯與蘭嶼豬選育族群之遺傳距離為0.013，藍瑞斯與迷彩豬之遺傳距離為0.253，迷彩豬與蘭嶼豬保種族群之遺傳距離為0.438，迷彩豬與蘭嶼豬選育族群之遺傳距離為0.465。黑色豬種與白色豬種之遺傳距離較與紅棕色豬種還近。關鍵語：豬、多態性、遺傳距離。　 ESTIMATION OF GENETIC DISTANCE AMONG BREEDS WITH DIFFERENT COAT COLOR BY BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL POLYMORPHISM IN PIGS D. Y. Lin(1), J. S. Chao(2), M. H. Chang(2), C. J. Lee(1), S. C. Wu(1), J. L. Tzeng(1), L. Lee(2), H. L. Chang(1) and M. C. Wu(1) (1)Taiwan Livestock Research Institute (2)National Laboratory Animal Breeding and Research Center Genetic variation and distance on blood biochemical polymorphism among breeds of pigs: black Lanyu in conservation, black Lanyu in selection, brown-white stripping Mitsae (derived from hybrid of Duroc and Lanyu), and white Landrace raised at Taitung Breeding Animal Propagation Station of Taiwan Livestock Research Institute, were estimated. Blood samples of pigs from above four breeds were collected from jugular vein and there 45, 29, 30 and 28 head, respectively. Three plasma proteins consisting of amylase-1 (AMY1), amylase-2 (AMY2) and esterase (ES) and two erythrocyte enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) were typed in cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Lanyu in selection had monophasic GPI and PGD. Lanyu in conservation had monophasic GPI. Heterozygosities of Landrace, Mitsae, Lanyu in selection, and Lanyu in conservation were 0.42�b0.05 (Standard error), 0.46�b0.07, 0.31�b0.13 and 0.31�b0.12. Genetic distances among the above four breeds were estimated and there was a close distance (0.004) between Lanyu in selection and Lanyu in conservation as compared to others. Estimation was 0.018 for Landrace and Lanyu in conservation; 0.013 for Landrace and Lanyu in selection; 0.253 for Landrace and Mitsae; 0.465 for Mitsae and Lanyu in selection; and 0.438 for Mitsae and Lanyu in conservation. Genetic distance between black and white breeds was closer than that of between black and reddish brown breeds. Key Words: Pig, Polymorphism, Genetic distance. 盤克夏豬種之血漿蛋白與紅血球酵素的生化多態型盤克夏豬種之血漿蛋白與紅血球酵素的生化多態型林德育(1) 趙俊炫(2) 張明雄(2) 吳松鎮(1) 賴永裕(1) 李力(2) 張秀鑾(1) 吳明哲(1) (1)台灣省畜產試驗所 (2)國家實驗動物繁殖及研究中心新引進的美國盤克夏豬種173頭頸靜脈血樣，以醋酸纖維膜電泳法分析血漿中澱粉瓩一型(AMY1)、澱粉瓩二型(AMY2)、解脂瓩型(ES)與維生素D結合蛋白型(GC)，及紅血球膜葡萄糖磷酸基異構瓩型(GPI)及6-磷酸鹽葡萄糖去氫瓩型(PGD)，俾瞭解新引進美國盤克夏豬種之血型遺傳變異。結果顯示此六種血型均具有多態性。AMY1A 及AMY1B 之基因頻率分別為0.40及0.60。AMY2A 及AMY2B 之頻率分別為0.38及0.62。GCF 及GCS 分別為0.68及0.32。ESF、ESE 及ESO 分別為0.43、0.41及0.16。PGDA 及PGDB 分別為0.72及0.28。GPIA 及GPIB 分別為0.28及0.72。本試驗採用的六種血型中，以ES具有三個交替基因，而ES的異質結合率最高，有0.62。新引進的美國盤克夏豬種異質結合率為0.46 �b 0.03。關鍵語：盤克夏、多態性、基因頻率。　 BIOCHEMICAL POLYMORPHISM OF BLOOD PLASMA PROTEINS AND RED CELL ENZYMES IN BERKSHIRE BREED OF PIGS D. Y. Lin(1), J. S. Chao(2), M. H. Chang(2), S. C. Wu(1) , Y. Y. Lai(1), L. Lee(2), H. L. Chang(1) and M. C. Wu(1) (1)Taiwan Livestock Research Institute (2)National Laboratory Animal Breeding and Research Center American Berkshire breed of pigs were imported and 173 blood samples via jugular vein were tested for blood biochemical polymorphism. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis was used to analyze four plasma proteins: amylase-1 (AMY1), amylase-2 (AMY2), esterase (ES) and vitamin D binding protein (GC), and two red cell enzymes: glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD). Genetic variation of Berkshire pigs was estimated with those six loci. Gene frequencies of AMY1A and AMY1B were 0.40 and 0.60; AMY2A and AMY2B were 0.38 and 0.62; GCF and GCS were 0.68 and 0.32; ESF, ESE and ESO were 0.43, 0.41 and 0.16; PGDA and PGDB were 0.28 and 0.72; GPIA and GPIB were 0.72 and 0.28. ES loci had three alleles and the estimated heterozygosity was 0.62, which was the highest one of six loci. The heterozygosity of Berkshire pigs imported from USA was estimated with a mean of 0.46�b0.03. Key Words: Berkshire, Polymorphism, Gene frequency. 台灣乳牛之淋巴球黏力缺失症之遺傳型頻率調查台灣乳牛之淋巴球黏力缺失症之遺傳型頻率調查吳松鎮黃鈺嘉陳若菁林德育楊德威黃金山曾青雲蕭宗法劉秀洲張菊犁吳明哲台灣省畜產試驗所牛淋巴球黏力缺失症(Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency，曾譯為牛遺傳性白血症)是指帶有兩個牛先天性下痢致死基因的有病型(BLAD)，會導致仔牛下痢、發燒與生長遲滯最後死亡，但是雜合型個體(BL)在生長上則與一般正常牛(TL)相似。自1997年7月起至1998 年8月止共檢測了四個民間牧場的牛隻(北部兩場及南部兩場)與來自北部與東部地區參與 DHI計畫各牧場的自留小公牛。71 頭自留小公牛中共檢測出 6 頭雜合型小公牛(8.5%)，而來自四個場的724頭牛隻(母牛為主)共測出36頭雜合型(5.0%)其頻率分別為 3.2%(5/158)，5.4%(19/350)，5.5%(7/127)與 5.6%(5/89)。全部 795頭牛隻中共測出 42頭(5.3%)雜合型與717頭正常型牛隻。所有樣本中未檢測出任何有病型(BLAD)個體。關鍵語：牛淋巴球黏力缺失症、台灣。　 Investigation of frequencies of three genotypes, TL, BL and BLAD (Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency), in Taiwan Holsteins S. C. Wu, Y. C. Huang, D. Y. Lin, J. C. Chen, T. W. Yang, C. S. Huang C. Y. Tseng, T. F. Shiao, H. C. Liu, C. L. Chang and M. C. Wu TAIWAN LIVESTOCK RESEARCH INSTITUTE Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency is a genetic defect. Homozygote animals have two mutated genes(BLAD) which will suffer from pneumonia, diarrhea, fever, retarded growth and usually dead by the age of one year old regularly. However, it is not the case for the carrier(BL), with only one defect gene, which can grow as well as a normal animal(TL). From July, 1997 to August 1998, samples of 724 animals( cows with few heifers and calves) from four farms, and 71 young bulls from 15 more farms were collected and extracted DNA for the test. Two farms located in the north part and two farms in the south part of Taiwan. Samples of the young bulls were from north and east part of Taiwan. All animals were in DHI herds. Six young bulls detected as carrier(8.5%, 6/71). Thirty six carriers were found in the four farms( 5.0%, 36/724). The carrier percentages of the four farms were 3.2%(5/158)，5.4%(19/350)，5.5%(7/127) and 5.6%(5/89)。 Total average was 5.3%(42/ 795) and no BLAD genotype was discovered in this investigation. Key Words: Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency, Taiwan. 帶淋巴球黏力缺失症不良基因之雜合型公牛於熱帶地區之配種觀察帶淋巴球黏力缺失症不良基因之雜合型公牛於熱帶地區之配種觀察楊德威黃金山黃鈺嘉張秀鑾台灣省畜產試驗所挑選帶有淋巴球黏力缺失症不良基因之雜合型公牛精液(BL)，並安排與配台灣南部某試驗牛群中的雜合型母牛(BL)與其它的正常型母牛(TL)。自1997年一月至同年十二月底共有六隻雜合型母牛與配雜合型公牛，共有四隻母牛分娩。但是其中的一胎流產、一胎死產，而正常分娩的兩頭仔牛當中，亦有一隻仔牛於分娩後第二天即突然猝死。遺傳檢測追蹤發現猝死仔牛是帶有兩個不良基因的有病型個體(BLAD)。而一隻難產而死的仔牛遺傳檢測的結果為不帶此不良基因的正常型個體(TL)。一年間共使用27 劑的雜合型冷凍精液，共有七隻母牛懷孕，受孕率估計為25.9%. 同期的 280頭次與配正常型母牛共有84隻受孕，受胎率30.0%. 回追過去五年的配種資料與美國公牛之遺傳型資訊，發現雜合型公牛與正常型公牛的實際受孕率(以有分娩才算受孕，再除以總配種次數)相似，分別為 26.4% 與 28.2%。本項配種觀察，建議在熱帶地區應迴避帶有此不良基因的雜合型公、母牛的交配，以避開牛淋巴球黏力缺失症所帶來的嚴重損失。關鍵語：牛淋巴球黏力缺失症、配種、熱帶地區。　 IMPACT OF MATING COWS WITH CARRIER BULLS FOR BOVINE LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY IN TROPICAL AREA T. W. Yang, J. S. Huang, Y. C. Huang and H. L. Chang Taiwan Livestock Research Institute Semen from carrier bulls (BL) was used to mate the carrier(BL) and normal cows(TL) in an experimental herd at south of Taiwan. From Jan,1997 to end of Dec, 1997, six carrier cows were mated with the semen. Four cows gave two normal and two abnormal births (one abortion and one stillbirth). One of the normal birth calf died only at the age of two days old and the genetic test showed the calf was a BLAD (Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency) homozygoous recessive. But, in the stillbirth case, the genetic test showed the genotype of the calf was a homozygote normal. Twenty-seven dose BL semen mated with twenty-one cows had seven conceptions with a conception rate 25.9%. In the same period, 280 regular mates had 84 conceptions and the conception rate was 30.0%. By pedigree data and sire information, tracing back last five years records, the difference between carrier and normal bulls was not detected for conception-calving rate (total number of calvings obtained divided by total number of services), 26.4% vs 28.2%. The results strongly recommended that mating the carrier bulls with carrier cows should be avoided to eliminate the associated losses for the Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency. Key Words: Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency, Mate, Tropical area . 不良遺傳型頻率與混合樣本數對DNA遺傳檢測的經濟效益影響不良遺傳型頻率與混合樣本數對DNA遺傳檢測的經濟效益影響黃鈺嘉林德育陳若菁張秀鑾台灣省畜產試驗所以雜合牛及正常型的牛淋巴球黏力缺失症牛隻(BL與TL)的全血或DNA進行1:1 , 1:3, 1:4 至 1:9的混合後，再以混合的樣本進行後續的遺傳檢測工作，如DNA的限制瓩切割與聚合瓩連索反應等。結果顯示即使是 1:9的混合仍可測出雜合型(BL)的存在。但是隨著混合樣本數的增加，膠片上雜合型特有的條帶就會漸淡，在五隻樣本混合時常(1:4 )呈相的效果仍不錯。經濟效益模擬分析：假設共有壹千隻待檢測動物，依不良遺傳型的頻率變化與不同的混合樣本數對DNA遺傳檢測所需的總次數進行估算，只要混合樣本中測出有雜合型者，則需回溯重測個別原未混合的樣本。估算結果顯示：不良遺傳型的頻率在0.1%之下時，只要能正確的檢測出帶有雜合型的混合樣本，則越多的樣本混合應越有經濟效益，但是隨著不良遺傳型的頻率增加到10%，則混合樣本的效益就不存在。綜合而言，以現階段的技術而言，混合樣本之DNA遺傳檢測可應用於經濟價值較低且不良遺傳型頻率很低(反之或接近100%時)的遺傳篩選應用。關鍵語：混合樣本、遺傳檢測。　 INFLUENCE OF FREQUENCY OF UNDESIRED GENOTYPES AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES MIXED ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF DNA TEST IN GENETIC APPLICATIONS Y. C. Huang, D. Y. Lin, J. C. Chen and H. L. Chang Taiwan Livestock Research Institute Samples of whole blood of different genotypes of Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency, BL and TL(carrier and normal), were mixed from 1:1 , 1:3, 1:4 to 1:9. Mixed samples were also collected from extracted DNA with the same mixed ratio. Both restricted enzyme PCR products showed that up to 1:9 mixed sample can be detected the exist of the carrier(BL) genotype. However as the number of samples increased also decrease the blackness of the band of the image. In output analyzing, the five samples mixed, 1:4, can generate acceptable image for visual judgement. Simulation study of economic efficiency was based on frequencies of undesired genotypes of 1000 animals and numbers of samples mixed. If detects the mixed sample holding the undesired genotypes, a redo test need be performed for each unmixed sample. As the undesired genotypes bellowed 0.1%, the more samples mixed the less tests required. However, if the undesired genotypes were more than 10%, mixed samples showed only little benifit over unmixed test. Mixed DNA test could be applied in screening undesired genotypes for animals with less economic value especially when the undesired genotypes frequency was low. Key Words: Mixed samples, Genetic test. 使用稀疏矩陣與ASCII字元儲存家禽產蛋記錄的記憶體空間需求比較使用稀疏矩陣與ASCII字元儲存家禽產蛋記錄的記憶體空間需求比較黃鈺嘉林德育張秀鑾台灣省畜產試驗所家禽的產蛋記錄通常可分為 ” 有生蛋、沒生蛋” 或是 “沒生蛋、一個蛋、兩個蛋” 或是 “沒生蛋、一個正常蛋、兩個正常蛋、異常蛋”‧‧‧等。利用諸如 Fortran Compiler提供的 ACHAR(I) 與 IACHAR(A) 對應函數與自建的轉換對照表，可以256 (=28)個ASCII字元儲存各類變化的產蛋記錄；如28 (00000000→11111111)：八天的 “有生蛋、沒生蛋”的資料或是35 (<256) ：五天的 “沒生蛋、一個蛋、兩個蛋”的資料或是 44(0000→3333)：四天的”沒生蛋、一個正常蛋、兩個正常蛋、異常蛋”的資料‧‧‧等。若以上例而言，對照表較直接字元儲存最多可節省至 8倍的電腦記憶體空間。但是只要產蛋的記錄的代碼增加至 16種以上(162 =256)則256 ASCII字元儲存法所須空間與一般直接字元儲存相同，無法節省記憶體空間。然而在高產的家禽而言(如蛋雞、菜鴨)其初產後至280日齡間的產蛋記錄可能僅有數日停產，如以一個字元來儲存各式的每日生產代碼其所需的空間約為 (280-初產日齡) 隻數(m) bytes。但是如果把產蛋資料的生一個蛋與沒生蛋代碼互(1、0 ←→ 0、1)形成一個類似負相的圖形(negative image)陣列，再以列稀疏矩陣儲存沒生蛋、生兩個蛋或是異型蛋等字元(跳開一個正常蛋的生產)，讀出時再與予以還原。其所需的空間約為 5(平均無正常蛋日)m + 4 m + 4 bytes,﹝假設以4 bytes儲存整數﹞，在產蛋率很高或很低(此時0、1不互換)而且規模大的記蛋系統，列稀疏矩陣的儲存概念可以用來降低所需的儲存空間。關鍵語：稀疏矩陣、ASCII字元、蛋。　 Comparing the memory space requirement of sparse matrix to ASCII code storage in recording poultry egg production data Y. C. Huang, D. Y. Lin and H. L. Chang Taiwan Livestock Research Institute In addition of yes/no (1 or 0) egg recording system, two eggs, soft shell egg and other abnormal eggs were possible recorded under different management systems. A simple way of saving the memory space is using the 256 ASCII codes(by functions such as ACHAR(I) and IACHAR(A) in Fortran Compiler) to represent 28 egg patterns (or less than 256 patterns). For examples: 00000000 to 11111111 has 256 egg patterns for yes/no data of eight days; 00000 to 22222 (system of no egg, one egg and two eggs) has 35 patterns for egg production of five days; and 0000 to 3333 has 44 patterns for system of no egg, one egg, two eggs and abnormal eggs in four days…etc. The method uses ASCII reference table to store 256 characters which can save up to use only one eighth memory requirement. But if the system use more than 16 codes in recording egg production (162 =256), then 256 ASCII character system can not improve the storage requirement than regular direct storage method. In fact, some prolific poultry, like Leghorn or Tsaiya, there were only no egg for few days within her 280 days of age after giving the first egg. If recorded all the egg patterns, pm (production daysnumber of animals) bytes will be required in storing the laying information. From idea of negative image, switched recording codes of no egg and one egg (0 to1 and 1 to 0) without changing other codes, which can generate a row compressed sparse matrix for all animals. The estimated computer memory space is about 5(average days which have no egg or two eggs or abnormal egg)m+4m+4 bytes, if 4 bytes is used in storage of integer. For extremely high or low production birds (like wild birds, without switching 0 and 1) with large scale management system, the sparse matrix technique can improve the computer space requirement in recording poultry eggs. Key Words: Sparse Matrix, ASCII Code, Egg . 台灣牛群之單譜症雜合型頻率檢測* 台灣牛群之單譜症雜合型頻率檢測林德育陳若菁吳松鎮李光復楊德威黃金山曾青雲蕭宗法劉秀洲張菊犁黃鈺嘉吳明哲台灣省畜產試驗所單譜症(Deficiency of Uridine Monophosphate Synthase，直譯為尿核甞單磷酸鹽合成瓩缺失症，國際上簡稱為 DUMPS)，是一種會導至牛胚胎早期死亡(約受孕後四十日)的遺傳缺陷。為了解單譜症在台灣牛隻之分布情形，本試驗共檢測 4 個民間牧場(南部及北部各兩場)與來自北部與東部地區參與 DHI計畫的自留小公牛，共 795頭荷蘭乳牛，以及台灣省畜產試驗所恒春分所 139頭台灣黃牛及70 頭布拉曼牛。在 795頭荷蘭乳牛中僅檢測出 1頭雜合型牛(0.13 %)，顯示此一遺傳疾病對本省乳牛之影響不大，而在所有檢測之台灣黃牛與布拉曼牛中亦均不帶有此一不良基因。關鍵語：台灣、尿核甞單磷酸鹽合成瓩缺失症、單譜症。　 LOW INCIDENCE OF DEFICIENCY OF URIDINE MONOPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE CARRIERS AMONG CATTLE OF TAIWAN D. Y. Lin, J. C. Chen, S. C. Wu, K. F. Lee, T. W. Yang, C. S. Huang, C. Y. Tseng, T. F. Shiao, H. C. Liu, C. L. Chang, Y. C. Huang and M. C. Wu Taiwan Livestock Research Institute DUMPS, the acronym for Deficiency of Uridine Monophosphate Synthase, is a lethal inherited disorder of cattle. Homozygous recessive genotype results in embryonic mortality around 40 days post-conception. In this investigation, two sample sets were used to estimate the carrier frequency of DUMPS. First sample set was 795 Holsteins of which cows with few heifers and calves were from four DHI farms located in the north and south of Taiwan, and young bulls were from north and east of Taiwan. The second sample set was 139 Taiwan Yellow Cattle and 70 Brahmas from Heng-Chun Station, Taiwan Livestock Research Institute. Only one carrier cow was found in 795 Holsteins, and no carrier was found for Taiwan Yellow cattle and Brahma. With less than .2%(1/795=. 013%) carrier, DUMPS is not a significant genetic disease in Taiwan. Key Words: Taiwan, Deficiency of Uridine Monophosphate Synthase, DUMPS. 盤克夏豬的造骨蛋白基因啟動子區域之定序盤克夏豬的造骨蛋白基因啟動子區域之定序廖仁寶張秀鑾吳明哲台灣省畜產試驗所造骨蛋白（OPN）基因啟動子區域含有GT序列重複區，本研究以PCR分別增幅四頭盤克夏豬的核內DNA，將其PCR產物接合至載體上，再轉形至大腸桿菌中。四頭豬的轉形株中，再各挑選 4、4、3和5個白色菌落，培養後萃取其重組質體，再進行插入部分定序步驟。插入部分定序結果為5’CCAATCCTATTCACGAAAAAGCTAGTTAATGACATTGTACATAAGTAATGTTTTAACTGCAGAGGGC(GT)nTGTAACCACAAAACCAGAGGGGGAAGTGTGGGAGCAAGTGGGTTG3’(首尾兩端黑粗斜體字為正反向引子)，所有選殖株的插入部分序列，除GT重複數有不同外，其餘部分皆相同。豬B9510806的重組質體插入部分序列的GT重複數皆為14。豬B9560505的重組質體插入部分序列的GT重複數有13、14和24三種。豬B100303的重組質體插入部分序列的GT重複數有24和25兩種。豬B100501的重組質體插入部分序列的GT重複數有22、23、24和25四種。本研究以四頭盤克夏豬造骨蛋白基因啟動子區域之GT序列重複數定序結果，有13、14、22、23、24和25個GT重複數的六種交替基因。關鍵語：盤克夏、造骨蛋白、定序。　 SEQUENCING OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF OSTEOPONTIN GENE IN BERKSHIRE PIGS R. B. Liaw, H. L. Chang and M. C. Wu Taiwan Livestock Research Institute There is a variable number of GT dinucleotide repeats in the promoter region of osteopontin (OPN) gene in pigs. The fragments of the promoter region of osteopontin gene from four Berkshire pigs were amplified with PCR. Then the amplicons were ligated to the cloning vector and transformed to Escherichia coli. There were 4, 4, 3, and 5 white colonies, respectively, selected from the four pigs. Recombinant plasmids were extracted from transformants and inserts were sequenced by an automated DNA sequencer. The insert sequence was 5’CCAATCCTATTCACGAAAAAGCTAGTTAATGACATTGTACATAAGTAATGTTTTAACTGCAGAGGGC(GT)nTGTAACCACAAAACCAGAGGGGGAAGTGTGGGAGCAAGTGGGTTG3’ (the forward and reverse primers were in bold and italic). All insert sequences of recombinant plasmids were the same except of the number of GT dinucleotide repeats. Number of GT repeats of the inserts from B9510806 pig was 14 only. GT repeats of the inserts from B9560505 pig were 13, 14 and 24. GT repeats of the inserts from B100303 pig were 24 and 25. GT repeats of the inserts from B100501 pig were 22, 23, 24 and 25. Results from this study indicated that there were six alleles of the 13, 14, 22, 23, 24 or 25 repeats of GT in the promoter region of osteopontin gene based upon four pigs of Berkshire breed. Key Words: Berkshire, Osteopontin, Sequencing. 利用MS-PCR及DNA定序檢驗盤克夏豬種的緊迫基因利用MS-PCR及DNA定序檢驗盤克夏豬種的緊迫基因廖仁寶(1) 呂宜瑾(2) 賴永裕(1) 劉錦條(1) 劉英明(2) 吳明哲(1) 張秀鑾(1) (1)台灣省畜產試驗所 (2)國立中興大學動物系盤克夏豬種於1996年自美國引進，飼養於台灣省畜產試驗所。計有243頭後裔被用來檢驗其緊迫基因，使用MS-PCR（突變點拆離式聚合瓩連鎖反應）中的三個引子直接檢測Hal-1843突變點，該突變是由C突變為T，因此Hal-1843基因型為CC者是正常豬，TT者是突變豬，而CT者是攜帶突變基因的豬。直接電泳MS-PCR產物時，CC者為114bp片段，TT者為134bp片段，而CT者具有114和134bp兩個片段。具有CC、CT和TT的豬分別有71.2、27.6、和1.2％。豬心臟樣材取自11頭豬，並自心臟萃取DNA後，再以MS-PCR檢驗Hal-1843基因型，結果與血樣DNA的檢驗相吻合。因此把MS-PCR產物經純化、增幅和在自動定序儀予以定序。盤克夏豬含有Hal-1843的DNA片段經定序後，序列跟Fujii et al.(1991, Science 253: 448-451)之報告一樣。綜而言之，畜產試驗所的盤克夏豬群之緊迫基因頻率為0.15。關鍵語：盤克夏、緊迫基因、定序。　 PORCINE STRESS GENE OF BERKSHIRE BREED DETECTED BY MS-PCR AND DNA SEQUENCING R. B. Liaw(1), I. G. Li(2), Y. Y. Lai(1), C. T. Liu(1), Y. M. Liou(2), M. C. Wu(1) and H. L. Chang(1) (1)Taiwan Livestock Research Institute (2)Department of Zoology, National Chung Hsing University Berkshire breed was imported from USA in 1996 and raised at Taiwan Livestock Research Institute. Two hundred and forty-three progenies were tested with three primers in MS-PCR (Mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction) for point mutation from C to T at sequence position 1843 of porcine stress gene. Genotypes of Hal-1843 were designated as CC for the normal, CT for the carrier and TT for the mutant. Electrophoresis after MS-PCR, CC pigs had 114 bp band, TT pigs had 134 bp band and CT pigs had both 114 and 134 bp bands. Pigs with CC, CT and TT genotype were 71.2, 27.6 and 1.2%, respectively. Eleven pigs were slaughtered for collection of hearts and DNA was extracted from heart tissue individually. Samples of purified DNA were tested with MS-PCR and three genotypes of Hal-1843 were confirmed with blood sample. Then the product of MS-PCR was purified, amplified and used to analyze the nuclotide sequence in an automated DNA sequencer. The sequence of the DNA fragment including the Hal-1843 point mutation of the Berkshire pig was the same as described in the study of Fujii et al. (1991, Science 253: 448-451). In conclusion, the frequency of stress gene of Berkshire pig at the Institute was 0.15. Key Words: Berkshire, Stress gene, Sequencing. 豬的膚色遺傳：桃園種與杜洛克雜交的結果豬的膚色遺傳：桃園種與杜洛克雜交的結果顏念慈(1,3), 鄭裕信(1) 戴謙(2) 黃木秋(3) (1)臺灣省畜產試驗所 (2)國立成功大學 (3)國立中興大學本試驗的目的是調查桃園種(Taoyuan, T)與杜洛克(Duroc, D)豬隻各種配種型態產生後代之膚色分離情形，並以矯正之卡方測定進行遺傳分離適合度檢定，以瞭解桃園種全黑色膚色的基因與杜洛克全紅色膚色基因有無顯隱性關係。膚色分離調查結果，T♀×D♂及D♀×T♂所產生的F1後代TD及DT仔豬，其膚色皆為全黑色。TD及DT豬隻公母互相交配所產生的F2後代，其膚色為全黑色仔豬有113頭，全紅色有44頭。將TD或DT女豬再配杜洛克公豬所產生的後代TDD及DTD仔豬，其膚色為全黑色及全紅色者，分別為644及676頭。TDD或DTD全黑色豬隻公母互相交配所產生的後代，其膚色分離:全黑色381頭，全紅色143頭。在各種配種型態所產生的後代，有些仔豬小時候在背部有明顯地縱向金斑毛，但至三月齡左右會消失。依據本試驗各種配種型態所產生之含桃園種和杜洛克血統後裔豬隻膚色調查實測值，在不考慮金斑有無的情況下，假設全黑色膚色對全紅色膚色顯性，以矯正的卡方分佈進行遺傳分離適合度測定，所有χ2值皆未達顯著差異，顯示桃園種全黑色膚色的基因與杜洛克全紅色膚色基因有顯隱性關係。關鍵語:豬、膚色、桃園種、杜洛克。　 INHERITANCE OF COAT COLOR IN SWINE: RESULTS OF TAOYUAN BY DUROC CROSSES N. T. Yen(1,3) , Y. S. Cheng(1) , C. Tai(2) , M. C. Huang(3) (1)Taiwan Livestock Research Institution (2) National Cheng Kung University (3) National Chung Hsing University The purposes of this experiment were to investigate the segregation of coat color in swine at vary mating types between Taoyuan(T) and Duroc(D), and to understand that uniform black coat color of T was weather dominant or not to uniform red color of D, the adjusted Chi-square(χ2 ) test was used to determine the goodness of fit for Mendel's law of segregation. The results were as followings: 1. Coat color in all of F1 generation , TD(T♀×D♂) and DT(D♀×T♂) pigs, were uniform black. 2. In the F2 generation, TD♀×TD♂，TD♀×DT♂，DT♀×TD♂，DT♀×DT♂, contained 113 uniform black color pigs and 44 uniform red color pigs. 3. TD and DT sows, which were mated with Duroc boars, produced a total of 1320 pigs, 644 uniform black color pigs and 676 uniform red color pigs. 4. Pigs of F2 generation with uniform black coat color were intercrossed to produce 381 uniform black and 143 uniform red offspring. 5. At birth some pigs from vary mating types had longitudinal stripes on black coat color, but these stripes disappeared at three months old. So we regarded that the pigs with longitudinal stripes on black coat color as black coat color pigs. 6. We made a hypothesis that uniform black coat color of T was dominant to uniform red color of D. The values of adjustedχ2 test on the goodness of fit for Mendel's law of segregation were not significant (p>0.2). This result indicated that uniform black coat color of T was dominant to uniform red color of D. Key Words: Swine, Coat color, Taoyuan, Duroc 豬隻背脂與腰眼面積超音波即時顯像分析豬隻背脂與腰眼面積超音波即時顯像分析張秀鑾嚴世俊賴永裕劉錦條李世昌黃鈺嘉吳明哲台灣省畜產試驗所應用台灣省畜產試驗所純種藍瑞斯、約克夏、杜洛克與盤克夏豬，於4.0、4.5與5.0月齡時使用Aloka SSD-500 B-模式，進行活體超音波即時顯像掃瞄，測定第十肋骨處腰眼面積(LOIN)與同部位長軸中點1/2處背脂厚度(BF)，並逢機選取90頭達110公斤之完檢豬隻進行屠體分切與測定第十肋骨處的腰眼面積(CLOIN)、瘦肉量(LEAN)、活體瘦肉率(LEAN1%)和溫屠體瘦肉率(LEAN2%)。統計模式係以品種與性別為固定效應，父畜與機差為逢機效應，而豬隻掃描時實際日齡為共變數。BF與LOIN具性別間差異存在(P<0.001)，公豬具較厚的BF與較大的LOIN，且其差異隨著日齡增加而增加(4.0與5.0月齡之BF與LOIN性別差異分別為0.16 cm vs. 0.26 cm 與1.8 cm2 vs. 2.8 cm2)。同時，公豬BF與LOIN的堆積速率亦較女豬者為快。品種比較結果發現：盤克夏較其他豬種具較厚BF與較小LOIN。Pearson相關係數分析發現，LOIN與CLOIN之相關係數為0.55~0.63，而與LEAN相關係數0.43~0.54 (P<0.001）；但與LEAN1%或LEAN2%，則無顯著的相關存在(P>0.05)。至於BF與屠體性狀之相關係數普遍較低，且均未顯著。關鍵語：豬、超音波影像、腰眼面積。　 ASSESSMENT OF BACKFAT AND LOIN MUSCLE AREA IN SWINE USING REAL-TIME ULTRASOUND SCANS H. L. Chang, S. C. Yen, Y. Y. Lai, C. T. Liu, S. C. Lee, Y. C. Huang and M. C. Wu Taiwan Livestock Research Institute Aloka Model SSD-500 B-mode real-time ultrasound scanner fitted with UST-5011U 3.5 M HZ probe frequency was used to scan Landrace, Yorkshire, Duroc and Berkshire pigs in Taiwan Livestock Research Institute. Pigs were scanned at or near 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0-month-old. Ultrasonic measurements of loin muscle area at the tenth rib (LOIN) and 1/2 point overlying fat (BF) were taken. 90 off-tested pigs were randomly sampled for carcass measures near 110 ㎏ live weight and traits evaluated included tenth rib loin muscle area (CLOIN), lean cuts (LEAN) and percent lean cuts on a live (LEAN1%) and carcass (LEAN2%) weight basis. Statistical model used included sex and breed as fixed effects, sire and scanned age in days as random effects and covariate, respectively. Sex effects were significant for BF and LOIN (P<0.001). Boars showed thicker BF and larger LOIN than gilts. The differences between sexes were increased as age increased (0.16 cm vs. 0.26 cm, and 1.8 cm2 vs. 2.8 cm2 for BF and LOIN at 4.0- vs. 5.0-month-old, respectively). The rates of deposition for both measures in boars were also faster than in gilts. Meanwhile, Berkshire pigs were observed with larger BF and smaller LOIN among breeds studied. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that there were significant correlations between LOIN and CLOIN ranging from 0.55 to 0.63 (P<0.001). Similar results was also found between LOIN and LEAN ranging from 0.43 to 0.54 (P<0.001). However, LOIN was not significantly correlated with LEAN1% or LEAN2%. Correlations between BF and carcass measures were general low and not significantly different from zero. Key Words: Pigs, Ultrasonography, Loin muscle area.
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