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¡@¡@¥Ñªk°ê¤Þ¶i¤§µfÀnL302«~¨t¡A¸gÃҹ갣¸û­ì¦³¤§L301«~¨t¼W­«§Ö¥~¡A¨ä«á¸Ç¤T«~ºØ¤gµfÀn¥ç¸ûL301¤§«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¬°­«(À¹µ¥¡A1987)¡A§õµ¥(1993)³ø§i«ü¥XL302¤§«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯Å¡A¦b7¯Å¥H¤º¤§¦Ê¤À¤ñ»PL301¨ÃµLÅãµÛ®t²§(ªí12)¡C¨ä«áÀË©w¤ò¦â¤§´ú¸Õ«~¨t«h§ï¥ÑL302¨ú¥N¡C

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¡@¡@ºî¦X¥H¤Wªºµ²ªG¡A¤£½×©yÄõ§ïÀn©Îªá§ïÀn§¡¯à¥Í²£ªñ100¢Hªº¥Õ¦â¤gµfÀn¡AÅã¥Ü¥X¾ú¸g25¦~ªº¥Õ¦â¤gµfÀn¿Ë¥N¿ï¨|­pµe¡A¨ä¶¥¬q©Ê¥ô°ÈÀ³¤w¹F¦¨¡CµM¦¹¤@¬ã¨sÁö§¹¦¨¦ý¨Ã¤£·N¨ý¤w¹F¤Q¥þ¤Q¬ü¡A¦]¬°ÁöµM¦³Ãö¤gµfÀn¤ò¦â§ï¨}¡A¦b¥»¬Ù¥Á¶¡¤w¨|¥XÀu¨}§ïÀn¡C¨Ì¾ÚFilieres Avicole 1996¦~5¤ë³ø¾É¡Aªk°ê¥ç¤w±À¥X¥Í²£95¢H¥Õ¦â¤gµfÀn¯b¸sªº¥À¨t¡CµM¦Ó¨´¤µ¤ò¦â°ò¦]¬ÛÃö¿ò¶Ç¾÷¨î¤´¤£¬Æ²M·¡¡A¬°¯àÄ~Äò»P¥@¬É¦U¦a¬ã¨s¾÷ºc¦bÀn¿ò¶Ç¨|ºØ»â°ì¨Ã¾r»ôÅX¡A§Ú­ÌÀ³ºÉ³tÀÀ­q¸Ó¿ï¨|±Ú¸s(¥_¨ÊÀn¡B¥ÕµæÀn¤Îªá§ïÀn)ªº¤U¤@¶¥¬q¥ô°È¡C´N§»Æ[ªºÉ]³õ»Ý¨D­±Æ[¤§¡A¦³Ãö´£¤É¤gµfÀn¥Í²£¸gÀٮIJvªºÃD¥Ø¡A¦p°ª¹}®Æ®Ä²v¤gµfÀn¤§¿ï¨|¤Î°ª¨üºë²v¹å¤Æ²v«~¨t«Ø¥ßµ¥¡A§¡«æ«Ý¬ã¨s§ë¤J¡A¥B¦Û¥Ø«e¥»¬ÙÀn¨|ºØ¬ã¨s¤H¤O³]³Æ¸ê·½Æ[¤§¡A±NºØÀn¸s¾A·í²¾Âà¥Á¶¡¥ø·~¨Ã¥O¨ä«OºØ¹êÄݤWµ¦¡C¦p¦¹Àn¨|ºØ¬ã¨s¤H¤O¸ê·½¦ÛµM¥i¥H§ë¤J§ó­«­n§ó­¢¤Á¤§°ÝÃD¡AµM°ß¤@ªºÁô¼~¬O­Y±Ú¸s«O¦s¤£·V¦Ó¬y¥¢«h¤£¶ÈªP¶O«e¤Hªº§V¤O§ó¥O§Ú½ú¬ã¨s¤H­û¿ò¾Ñ¡F©Î¬O¥Ñ¤¤¤ß¥H¤p±Ú¸s«OºØ¡A§Q¥Î¦¹¤@§¹¾ã¦³¨t²Î¤§§÷®Æ°ö°V¦~»´¨|ºØ¬ã¨s¤H­û¡A¼ÒÀÀ±Ú¸s¿ò¶Ç¤ò¦â°ò¦]ÀW«×¤À§G²z½×¡C©Î¬O§ó¶i¤@¨B¦X§@­pµe¥H¿ò¶Ç¶ZÂ÷¤§¤ÀªR¼Ò¦¡·j´M±±¨î¤ò¦â°ò¦]¼Æ¥Øµ¥¡CÁ`¦Ó¨¥¤§¡A¦Û¿ò¶Ç¨|ºØªºÆ[ÂI¡A¥»¬Ù¼Æ¤Q¦~«Ø¥ß¤§¥»¤g¤Æ¨|ºØ±Ú¸s¤Î¨ä¨t²Î¸ê®Æ§¡À³µø¬°¡¨¿ò¶Ç¥É¥Û¡¨¡A¤×«Ý¬ã¨s¤H­û¤£Â_ªºµZ¿i¡A¥H¶i¤@¨B¸Ñ¶}¤gµfÀn¥Õ¦â¦Ð¤ò°ò¦]«¬(«YÄÝÁô©Êcc©Î¬O¤ò¦â§í¨î¦]¤lI§í©Î¬Oªñ¦üÅã©Ê¥ÕEEGG Lancaster, 1963)¤§Á¼¡C

ªí1. ¤gµfÀn¦Ð¦â¤À¯Å»¡©ú
Table 1. Plumage grading of the mule ducks

¤À ¯Å
Grade

»¡¡@¡@©ú
Description

Åéªí¥Õ¦â¦Ð¤ò¤§­±¿n(¢H)
Proportion of white area(%)

µû ¤À
Score

A ¥þ¨­¥Õ¦Ð 100 10.0
B ¥þ¨­¥Õ¦Ð¡B¶ÂÀY   97¡ã99.9 9.5
C ¶ÂÀY¡B­I¤W¶Â´³ 80¡ã96.9 8.0
D ¶ÂÀY¡B¶Â­I¡B¶Â§À 50¡ã79.9 5.0
E ªá´³(¶Â¥Õ²VÂø¡A«UºÙ¥|ÂIª÷) 50¥H¤U 2.5
F ¥þ¶Â 0 0.0

¡°½Ð°Ñ·Ó¹Ï4¤Î¹Ï5¡CSee fig.4. and fig.5.

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ªí2. ¾ú¦~«á¥N¦Ð¦â¥X²{¦Ê¤À¤ñ
Table 2. Mule duck plumage appearance in each year

Year(ROC)

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

Grade generation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

A

1.1

3.1

5.1

5.94

12.27

13.27

9.05

9.72

3.49

3.26

B

5.3

38.3

5.0

26.91

42.31

41.83 60.74 43.23 47.51 57.24

C

17.3

7.8

34.6

49.95

41.13

42.81 28.22 44.32 46.01 31.53

D

12.2

10.0

15.8

17.10

2.81

2.09

1.99

2.72

2.99

8.36

E

17.1

8.1

6.5

  0.09

1.48

0

0

0

0

0

F

47.0

31.0

32.0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

´ú©w°¦¼Æ ´²¥¢ ´²¥¢ ´²¥¢ 1111 3375 1530

652

1286

802

1471

*¦Ð¤ò¦â¤À¯Å½Ð°Ñ·Óªí1¡CPlumage grading see table 1. (ºK¦Û¶À¡A1985)

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ªí3. ¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯Å¤§»¡©ú
Table 3. Plumage grading of the mule ducks

µ¥¯Å
Grade

»¡                     ©ú
Description

1. ¥þ¨­¬°¥Õ¦â¡AµL¥ô¦ó¶Â¤ò¥X²{¡C
Pure white.
2. ¥þ¨­¬°¥Õ¦â¡A¶È¦³ÀY³¡¥X²{¤Ö³\¶Â¤ò¡C
Only a little spot on head.
3. ¥þ¨­¬°¥Õ¦â¡AÀY³¡¶Â¦â¦Ð¤ò°Ï°ì¸û¤j¡C
Black spot on head, but else area is white.
4. °£ÀY³¡¥~¡A­I³¡¥X²{¤Ö¼Æ¼Æ®Ú¶Â¤òªÌ¡C
A little spot on back and head.
5. °£ÀY³¡¥~¡A­I³¡¥X²{¤@¤p¶ô¶Â¤ò°Ï°ì¡C
Black area is more than 4th grade.
6. °£ÀY³¡¥~¡A­I³¡¶Â¤ò°Ï°ì¸û²Ä5¯Å¬°¦h¡C
Black area is more than 5th grade.
7. °£ÀY³¡¥~¡A­I³¡¶Â¤ò°Ï°ì¸û²Ä6¯Å¬°¦h¡A¦ý¤´¥i¥H¤j©i«ü»\±o¦í¡C
Black spot on back, but the area less 4 cm2.
8. °£ÀY³¡¥~¡A­I³¡¶Â¤ò°Ï°ì¦¨²Ó¦Óªø±øª¬¡Aªø«×¶W¹L¤j©i«ü¤j¤p¡C
Black area is more than 7thgrade.
9. °£ÀY³¡¥~¡A­I³¡¶Â¤ò°Ï°ìªø±ø¸û²Ê¥B¤w¹F§À³¡¡C
Black area is more than 8th grade.
10. °£ÀY³¡¥~¡A­I³¡¶Â¤ò°Ï°ì¼e¹F¨â°¼¡A¦ý¸¡³¡©|µL¶Â¤ò¡C
Black area is more than 9th grade,butonly on back and head.
11. ÀY³¡¡B­I³¡¥~¡A¸¡³¡¥X²{¶Â¦â¦Ð¤òªÌ¡C
Black area is extended to chest area.
12. ÀY³¡¡B­I³¡¥~¡A¸¡³¡¥X²{¶Â¦â¦Ð¤òªÌ¡A¸û11.¯Å¬°¦h¡C
Black area is extended to chest and abdominal area.
13. ÀY³¡¡B­I³¡¡B¸¡³¡¥X²{¶Â¦â¦Ð¤òªÌ¡A¸û12.¯Å¬°¦h¡C
Black area is more than 12th grade.
14. ÀY³¡¡B­I³¡¡B¸¡³¡¤j¦h¬°¶Â¦â¶È¦³ÀV°é¤Î¯Í¥¼¦³¤Ö¼Æ¥Õ¤òªÌ¡C
Black area is more than 13thgrade.

¡°¬°¹A¥Á¥i±µ¨ü¤§¶Â¤ò¥X²{«¬ºA¡C

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ªí4. ¥Õ¦âµæÀnL102«~¨t¾ú¥N«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯ÅÀË©w¦¨ÁZa
Table 4. Cumulative percentage in plumage grade of mule ducks in each generation of line 102 a

Generation

Grade

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@cumulative %¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@

8 6.5 21.8 56.4 66.8 81.3 86.1 89.1 91.6 94.4 97.3 98.5 99.7
9 7.5 16.7 57.1 64.7 77.8 85.6 88.7 92.2 95.2 98.4 99.3 100
10 5.0 31.2   62.4 77.6 90.5 96.4 98.8 99.7 99.9    100 ¡@ ¡@
11 8.5 29.8 64.1 78.4   93.1 98.1 99.6 99.8 99.8 99.8   100 ¡@
12 13.1 45.1 82.7 93.1 97.7 99.3 99.8 99.9 99.9 100 ¡@ ¡@
13 12.7 41.9 87.4 95.5 98.9 99.6 99.9 100 ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡@
14 8.4 67.8 91.9 97.9 98.8 99.3 99.5 99.8 100 ¡@ ¡@ ¡@
15 13.4 82.3 95.9 98.6 99.3 99.5 99.7 100 ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡@
16 15.4 83.5 96.0 98.9 99.6 99.7 99.8 100 ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡@

a The data are summarized from Lee and Kang (1997).

¡@

ªí5. ¼Ú¬ü¶i¤f¥_¨ÊÀn«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦â¦¨ÁZ

«~¨t Àn¼Æ ¼Æ¥ØÀË©w¤gµfÀn

Grade

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@cumulative %¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@

XL4 45 100 1 9 11 12 17 27   44 50 55 74  89 100 ¡@ ¡@
X4 39 124 0.8 5.6 12.1 13.7 16.9 21.8 26.6 51.6 72.6 85.5 95.2 98.4 99.2 100

(¤Þ¥Î«¸¤Î­J¥¼µoªí¸ê®Æ)

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ªí6. ¤£¦P¥_¨Ê¤½Àn¹ï«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯Å¤§¼vÅT
Table 6. Comparison on plumage grade of mule ducks between different Pekin drakes

Pekin
drake

Grade

mule
ducks

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@cumulative %¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@

5056 0.8 8.9 21.0 33.9 41.1 59.7 71.8 96.0 97.6 99.2 100.0 ¡@ 124
5456 8.7 26.1 75.4 88.9 92.8 97.1 98.6 100.0 ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ 69
5565 5.1 15.3 44.9 48.0 52.0 57.1 62.2 88.8 92.9 95.9 96.9 99.0 98
5800 1.8 10.9 27.3 32.7 35.2 41.8 51.5 82.4 86.7 93.9 97.0 100.0 165

¡@

7. ¥_¨ÊÀn201«~¨t¾ú¥N«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯ÅÀË©w¦¨ÁZa
Table7. Cumulative percentage in plumage grade of mule ducks in each generation of line 201 a

Generation

Grade

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@ ¡@cumulative % ¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@

6 1.9 5.6 10.9 11.9 15.5 29.1 37.8 52.1 61.0 86.2 94.4 99.8 100
7 0.0 9.7 13.0 14.6 23.2 40.0 56.2 74.1 83.8 96.2 99.5 100 ¡@
8 3.1 6.6 13.2 14.5 15.0 24.2 37.4 63.4 66.5 89.0 95.6 99.6 99.6
9 0.5 5.9 11.0 11.6 15.6 32.0 49.4 70.1 77.0 95.7 98.9 100 ¡@
10 1.2 5.8 18.6 25.5 30.0 35.4 43.1 62.5

80.3

92.6 96.6 98.0 99.3
11 4.9 31.0 33.4 46.0 53.4 56.6 61.2 72.4 97.7 99.5 99.8 99.9 100
12 2.1 50.9 53.7 69.1 73.6 77.8 79.1 85.1 99.1 99.8 99.8 100 ¡@
13 1.9 53.3 68.8 89.3 92.9 94.6 95.7 98.4 99.5 99.9 100 ¡@ ¡@

14

7.7 58.5 80.1 94.3 98.1 99.0 99.5 100 ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡@

The date are summarized from Lee and Kang. (1997).

ªí8. ©yÄõ§ïÀn¥Ð¶¡¸ÕÅç«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦â¦¨ÁZa
Table 8. Cumulative percentage in plumage grade of mule ducks derived from I-Lan Kaiya duck a

Sourceb

Grade

mule
ducks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@cumulative %¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@

DRC-1 7.9 41.4 50.2 57.3 61.1 64.2 68.2 75.0 98.6 99.2 99.6 100.0

819

DRC-2 8.0 49.4 61.2 64.5 68.6 70.2 74.5 79.6 96.5 98.9 99.7 100.0

490

DRC-3 7.0 44.6 54.5 62.0 65.4 68.0 73.9 81.2 96.0 99.4 100.0 ¡@

588

Farm-1  11.7 49.0 55.4 68.0 73.7 76.6 82.2 86.0 98.1 99.2 99.8 100.0 1241
Farm-2 6.6 45.2 48.8 62.7 66.5 69.5 80.5 85.6 99.4 99.9 100.0 ¡@ 1200
Farm-3 7.9 27.4 68.7 72.6 77.2 82.1 89.1 93.4 94.0 95.7 98.7 99.6 537

a¸ÕÅç´Á¶¡¡G1991¦~1¤ë¡ã10¤ë¡C
a Testing period:January-October, 1991.
b DRC:«ü¯b¸Õ©Ò©yÄõ¤À©Ò¡AFarm: «ü¥Á¶¡§ïÀn³õ¡C
DRC:Duck Research Center, I-Lan,TLRI; Farm: field test from duck farms.

¡@

ªí9. §ïÀn2101¤Î2102«~¨t¾ú¥N«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯ÅÀË©w¦¨ÁZ
Table 9. Cumulative percentage in plumage grade of mule ducks in each generation of line 2101 and 2102 a

Generation

Grade

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@cumulative %¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@

2 24.5 64.7 81.2 85.5 89.9 95.7 98.2 98.8 98.8 98.8 99.9 100.0
3 11.0 39.2 82.0 87.5 89.8 95.2 97.3 98.5 98.8 99.1 99.7 100.0
4 16.5 52.1 87.0 96.8 99.1 99.6 99.9 100.0 ¡@ ¡@ ¡@ ¡@
5 32.2 90.4 98.7 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 100.0 ¡@ ¡@

a ²Ä2¡A3¥N¬° L2101+L2102¡A²Ä4¥N¬°L2102¡A²Ä5¥N¬°L2101¡C
Pooled with L2101 and L2102 in the 2nd and 3rd generation, but it was only L2102 in the 4th
generation, and only L2101 in the 5th generation.

¡@

ªí10. ©yÄõ§ïÀn¥Ð¶¡¸ÕÅç«á¸Ç¤gµfÀn¤ò¦â¦¨ÁZ
Table 10. Cumulative percentage in plumage grade of mule ducks derived from I-Lan Kaiya duck

Batch

Grade

mule
ducks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@cumulative %¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@

1 19.9 70.1 94.8 98.6 99.3 99.4 99.5 100 2317
2 17.9 72.3 96.7 98.9 99.7 99.8 99.9 100 4097
3 13.8 69.6 94.6 97.9 99.8 99.8 99.9 100 2241

ªí11. ©yÄõ§ïÀn»Pªá¦â§ïÀn¦U¶µ©Ê¯à¤ñ¸û
Table 11. Cumulative on performance between I-Lan Kaiya and color Kaiya ducks

Trait

linea

Probability
I-Lan Kaiya(L210) Color kaiya(L210A)
Body wt.at 20 wks of age (kg) 2.13±0.16 2.00±0.30 0.02
Body wt.at 30 wks of age (kg) 2.11±0.17 1.92±0.23 < 0.01
Age of first egg (day) 141±7 156±11 < 0.01
Egg number during 52 wks of age (no) 195±20 167±43 < 0.01
Egg wt. at 40 wks of age (g) 81.7±5.9 78.4±6.0 0.02
Shell strength at 40 wks of age (kg/cm2) 3.5±0.5 3.6±0.6 0.58
Plumage of mule ducks within qualified (%) 70.7 97.0 < 0.01b

a ©yÄõ§ï«Y¨Ó¦Û¥_¨Ê¤½Àn»P¥Õ¦â¥ÀµæÀn¤§Âø¥æ¡Aªá¦â§ïÀn¬OL2101»PL2102¤§²V¦X¡C
I-Lan Kaiya is from Pekin ¡ñ(L201 )¡ÑTsaiya ¡ð( L102), color Kaiya is pool with L2101 and L2102.
b ¥d¤èÀË©w¡C
Chi-square test.

ªí12. µfÀnL301»PL302«~¨t¹ï«á¥N¤gµfÀn¤ò¦âµ¥¯Å¤§¼vÅTa
Table 12. Comparison plumage grade of mule ducks between L302 and L302 a

Line Mule ducks

Gradeb

1
(pure white)

2,3
(black head)

4-7b
(black back)

8¡ô
(below qualified)

¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@%¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@

301 986 29.1 64.6 6.2 0.1
302 854 14.2 78.5 7.1 0.2

a L301, L302¤½µfÀnºë²G¥H¤H¤u±Âºë¤è¦¡¤À§O»P¥Õ¦âµæÀnL 102«~¨t¥ÀÀn¥æ°tÁc´Þ¤gµfÀn¡C
Pool semen of L301 or L302, were artificially inseminated to Taisya ducks (L102).
Mule ducks, which was derived from L301 or L302, were tested for plumage grade
b¹A¥Á¥i±µ¨ü¤§µ¥¯Å¬°7¯Å¥H¤º¡C
Within the 7th grade is qualified for duck farmer.

°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm

§õµÏºa¡B­J©É¯E¡B³¯»Ê¥¿¡C1993¡CÀu¨}¥Õ¦â¤gµfÀn¿Ë¥N¿ï¨|¡C¯b²£¬ã¨s26 (2)¡G121¡ã129¡C
§õµÏºa¡B±d²M«G¡C1997¡C¤gµfÀn¥Õ¦â¦Ð¤ò¥X²{²v¤§§ï¶i¡C¯b²£¬ã¨s30 (3)¡G293¡ã299¡C
©P¥ú¦t¡B¶À·u·×¡C1970¡C¥xÆWªº¾iÀn¡C¤¤°ê¹A§ø´_¿³©e­û·|¯bªª²Ä¤K¸¹¤â¥U¡C¥x¥_¡Cpp.4¡ã7¡C
¶À·u·×¡C1985¡C¥Õ¦â¤gµfÀn¤§¿ï¨|¡C¤¤¯b·|»x14 (3-4)¡G111¡ã122¡C
¾G¥A¯d¡C1989¡C¤¤°ê®a¸V«~ºØ§Ó¡C¤W®ü¬ì¾Ç§Þ³N¥Xª©ªÀ¡A¦¿Ä¬¡App.157¡C
¼B·ç¬Ã¡BÀ¹Á¾¡B³\«n¤s¡B­J©É¯E¡C1984¡C¥Õ¦â¤gµfÀn¿Ë¥N¿ï¨|¡C¥xÆW¬Ù¹AªLÆU¯b²£¸ÕÅçµûij·|¬ã¨s³ø§i¡C¥xÆW¬Ù¯b²£¸ÕÅç©Ò¡A¥x«n¡App.63¡ã65¡C
¿à»Ê¬Ñ¡B±d²M«G¡B§õµÏºa¡C1998¡C¤£¦P«~¨t§ïÀn¥Í²£©Ê¯à»P¨ä«á¥N¤gµfÀn¸gÀ٩ʯà¤ñ¸û¡C¥xÆW¬Ù¹AªLÆU¯b²£¸ÕÅçµûij·|¬ã¨s³ø§i¡C¥xÆW¬Ù¯b²£¸ÕÅç©Ò¡A¥x«n¡C
À¹ Á¾¡B´¿»a©M¡B³¯»Ê¥¿¡B«¸©µ¦~¡B¶À·u·×¡C1987¡C¥»¬Ù¤£¦P«~¨t¥¿µfÀn¥Í²£©Ê¯à¤ñ¸û¡C¯b²£¬ã¨s 20 (1)¡G67¡ã72¡C
À¹ Á¾¡B±d²M«G¡B§õµÏºa¡B³¯«O°ò¡B¼B·ç¬Ã¡C1984¡C¬Ù²£Âø¥æµæÀn»P¶i¤fÂø¥æµæÀn¸gÀ٩ʯध¤ñ¸û¡C¤¤¯b·|»x¡C13 (3¡ã4)¡G53¡ã61¡C
À¹ Á¾¡B¼B·ç¬Ã¡B¶À·u·×¡C1988¡CÀnºØ§ï¨}»P¿ï¨|¡C²Ä¤@©¡®a¸V¿ò¶Ç¨|ºØ¬ã°Q·|±M¿è¡C¥x«n¡Cpp.166¡ã192¡C
À¹ Á¾¡B¼B·ç¬Ã¡B±d²M«G¡B³¯®Ê»a¡B¶À·u·×¡C1985¡C©yÄõ§ïÀn¥Íªø¤Î¥Í´Þ©Ê¯à¤§¬ã¨s¡C18(1)¡G59¡ã67¡C
¦w³¡³q­¦¡C1936¡C¥xÆWÇU¾iÄE·~¡C¥xÆW¤§¯b²£4 (5)¡G237¡ã257¡C
Huang, H.H.1973. The duck industry of Taiwan, J.C.R.R. Animal Industry Series No.8, Taipei.
Lancaster, F. M.1963. The inheritance of plumage color in the common duck. Bibilio. Genet. 19: 317~404.




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